The Real Victims Of Othello - 1197 Words

The REAL Victims of Othello Shakespeare’s tragic play, Othello, gives insight to broken relationships and tragic deaths all caused by lies. But the main component of these lies is faults in relationships. Shakespeare explores the ideas of Othello’s actions toward Desdemona, their relationship, but forgets an important detail: her side of the story. Desdemona, along with the other women in the play contrast each other tremendously. All three women show victimization in their own way, but how far will each woman let it go? Desdemona, Emilia, and Bianca all have very different viewpoints on society and how women should be treated. Desdemona throughout the whole play is seen as the weaker figure. She is told everything by Othello and never once speaks up for herself. Othello accuses her of cheating and she does nothing to defend her case. Readers are left wondering if she even has a side to the story. Her lack of self will is caused due to the suspicions Iago places upon Othello. However, these suspicions should not render Desdemona helpless to Othello. She follows the â€Å"typical† shell of woman of that time, obeying all orders from their dominant husbands. As a wife, Desdemona is no different than Desdemona as a woman. She obeys every wish of Othello’s. She was wooed by his stories and fell for him because of them. This is the smallest sliver of evidence Germain 2 of a healthy relationship the audience gets and from then on, it is all about the husbands and their wishes. â€Å"WeShow MoreRelatedThe Many Evils of Iago in Othello by Shakespeare Essay examples1265 Words   |  6 PagesThe Many Evils of Iago in Othello by Shakespeare Iago is a man of jealousy, and he is proposing revenge against Cassio and Othello. He claims both Cassio and Othello have seduced his wife, Emilia, a warm-hearted, simple woman. He proposes, as revenge of wife for wife, to put Othello into such a jealousy as judgement can cure (Jorgensen 59). We know therefore from the start why Iago hates Othello . . . (Modern 3). Iagos hatred for the Moor is deep, and there is apparently reason. TheRead MoreOthello Essay, Appearance vs Reality1175 Words   |  5 Pagesis genuinely â€Å"real,† and what is viewed merely as just an â€Å"appearance,† and not real? It becomes difficult when we assume there is a difference in the two to determine which is which. Generally, what we label as â€Å"real† is regarded as external and eternal. What we refer to as just an appearance is regarded as temporary and internal. Many early as well as modern day authors use the theme of appearance vs. reality to portray a character in a c ertain way. In Shakespeare’s play ‘Othello’ the theme ofRead MoreEssay On Women In Othello And Wilsons Fences1386 Words   |  6 PagesIn both Shakespeare’s play Othello and Wilson’s Fences women can be seen as victims to men but have their strong moments, however men’s identities are sometimes dependent of their women. Focusing around the main women in these two plays you can see the strong similarities in the societal perspective on women. In Othello and Fences both marriages of the main characters face a demise, but in both relationships the women were the back bone of the marriage not caring about their husband’s backgroundsRead MoreDesdemona - Virtuous Woman or Modern Woman Challenging Oppressive Societal Values?989 Words   |  4 PagesThe polysemic nature of Shakespeare’s Othello means that throughout time, different cultures have found certain readings of particular characters more relevant than others. For example, there are many possible readings of Desdemona, but two of the more dominant interpretations include seeing her as the ideal wife who falls victim to an abusive husband and viewing Desdemona as a progressive woman who contributed to her downfall by being outspoken and challenging the position of women in her timeRead MoreComparing and Contrasting the Chiaroscuros Between Othello and Iago1709 Words   |  7 Pagesof something represents its darkness and how evil it is, and the whiteness represents the purity and goodness of something. William Shakespeare plays with the status quo of literature in his play Othello by giving Iago, a white man who should represent purity, an evil, black heart and by giving Othello, a black man, a noble, white heart when he should represent evil. Shakespeare â€Å"founds his play on the rupture between outward signifiers and inward signifiers, between the Moor’s evil-seeming blackRead MoreEssay about Character Study of Iago in William Shakespeares Othello1225 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeares Othello In Othello, Iago works to bring about the downfall of the characters that he hates, particularly Othello and Michael Cassio. In order to do this, he uses not only the weaknesses of his victims, but their strengths and good qualities as well. Iago says this about Desdemona: So will I turn her virtue into pitch, And out of her own goodness makes the net That shall enmesh them all (Act 2 Scene 3) Iagos victims have virtues, whichRead MoreThe Concept Of Iago By William Shakespeare1163 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s plays all have a common theme: death. There is almost always death, and the play of â€Å"Othello† is no different since it ends in a â€Å"tragedy.† It begins with a man named Iago who speaks to Roderigo of how he should have received the position of lieutenant that was instead given to Cassio, a inexperienced man in his words, by Othello, the General. Iago shows distaste towards Othello, the play then goes through the story of Iago attempting to receive the position of lieutenant, that heRead MoreThe Most Gifted : Othello By William Shakespeare770 Words   |  4 PagesVillain in Literature The tragedy of Othello by William Shakespeare takes place in Venice and Cyprus approximately in 1603. Othello, the valiant Moor of Venice and the play’s protagonist, is a noble gifted leader looked up to by the people of Venice. His â€Å"free and open nature† (1.3.390) allows Iago, the play’s antagonist, to be able to identify Othello’s tragic flaw: credulity. Iago’s consuming desire for power fuels his meticulous plot to hurt and manipulate Othello. Through the use of jealousy andRead MoreIago: One of Shakespeares Most Misunderstood Villains Essay1330 Words   |  6 Pagesmisunderstood villains in Shakespeare literature. We side with Othello from the start because his name is on the cover of our paperback, we read Othello when learning about heroes, so we expect Iago to be a villain, a ruthless manipulator. We don’t know why, he doesn’t state it plainly or in simple English, so we assume that he’s evil, that he’s ju st a disgruntled sociopath out to exact his exaggerated revenge on good and noble Othello. Iago’s misunderstood reputation is a result of not truly examiningRead More The Numerous Themes in Othello Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesThe Numerous Themes in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚   The Shakespearean tragedy Othello contains a number of themes; their relative importance and priority is debated by literary critics. In this essay let us examine the various themes and determine which are dominant and which subordinate.    A. C. Bradley, in his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, describes the theme of sexual jealousy in Othello:    But jealousy, and especially sexual jealousy, brings with it a sense of shame

Non Linear Behaviour And Chaos - 1277 Words

ABSTRACT In this report non-linear behaviour and chaos have been explored through Duffing Equation computationally. Key features of the chaos theory such as attractors, Poincarà ¨ sections and phase-space diagrams have been analysed and discussed. The programing language of choice for this experiment was Fortran 90, which has been written explicitly for the purposes of acquiring a chaotic system and solving the Duffing equation. Introduction The Duffing Oscillator named by the German electrical engineer Georg Duffing is a non-linear, second-order differential equation, periodically forced and includes a damping term proportional to particle’s velocity. The equation can show different types of oscillations such as a limit cycles and chaos. Given its characteristics Duffing oscillators are often used to produce similar behaviours in nature. The equation in this experiment has been studied through the dynamics of a particle under a potential field, driven by an applied periodical force. The equation of motion for the particle in this system is (1) Where constant A gives the strength of a non-linear term, B gives the strength of the linear term, C controls the size of damping, D controls the periodic driving force, and ω is the driving frequency. The changes in the environment caused by the periodic force are sufficient to lead a chaotic behaviour, as is the case with Duffing Oscillators. Most of the systems in universe have a non-linear nature. Although a majority ofShow MoreRelatedKurt Lewin and complexity theories: back to the future?7984 Words   |  32 Pagesseen as outmoded and irrelevant to the needs of modem organizations. It might be expected that this tendency would increase as academics and practitioners draw on the work of complexity theorists to portray organizations as complex, dynamic, non-linear self-organizing systems. Though there are some who do take this view, there are others who point to the similarities between Lewin s work and that of complexity theorists. In order to examine these conflicting views, the article begins by reviewingRead MoreIs Destiny a Matter of Chance or Choice?1268 Words   |  6 Pagesthe behaviour of the system. In this respect, this essay will firstly explain different views on universe; secondly it will demonstrate that is not a destiny that elucidates events of our life but choices and chance. When Isaac Newton discovered the law of the gravitation in the 18th century, he realized that there was a force that was responsible for this, and for the other movements in the universe, like the force that holds the moon in her orbit. ( Newton, Determinism and Chaos, pgRead MoreLiterature Review on Sport Participation and After School Drop Out1475 Words   |  6 Pageswho found that â€Å"Long-term exposure to daily physical activity was inversely related to body fatness.† In addition to this, more recent research concurs with Twisk et al. (1997) as Alfano et al. (2002) found past participation in sport displayed a linear relationship in retaining a lower Body Mass Index later on in life. With exercise regarded then as one of the more effectual preventatives to obesity, it is considered appropriate, and furthermore necessary by the author that research is carriedRead MoreComplexity Theory And Leadership Theory1495 Words   |  6 Pagesexpectation of future prospects. In such a system it is possible for followers to be making decisions that lead in opposite directions but still follow the vision. The interactions in organisations are between autonomous individuals and are often non-linear and difficult to predict the outcomes (Haze Silberstang, 2009). In a modern global economy, leaders of successful and large organisations are embracing a new form of leadership that embraces the complexity of interactions between people. TheseRead MoreComparison Of Martin Luther King And Henrys Speech1437 Words   |  6 Pagesremind of the ongoing civil non-violent racial equality movement, and to embrace a more common vision. Perhaps exemplifying a different vision of unity and peaceful transitions from injustice into justice that was also a common thread throughout the speech. Or in his words â€Å"to establish a reign of freedom and a rule of justice† (King) Devoid of anger, when injustice is felt it may be phrased into an outrage succinctly phrased into fortitude. Both observing the behaviour, gesticulation, body languageRead MoreSocial Work Practices And Critical Reflection2317 Words   |  10 Pagesneeded by all service users. The Summary Statement Cheryl, a single mother of two daughters; Kylie 11, and Jasmin 13, and has been reported to child protection. Jasmin for a year has been difficult for Cheryl. Cheryl is worried about Jasmin’s behaviours, depression diagnosis and their impact on Kylie, as well as Cheryl feeling like she has no-one to support her with being a parent. I have met with Cheryl twice so far and will continue to work with Cheryl and her family for the next 6 months asRead MoreModels of Communication7544 Words   |  31 Pagesexigence which can be completely or partially removed if discourse, introduced into the situation, can so constrain human decision or action so as to bring about significant modification of the exigence.† See more of Bitzers approach here. E.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Early Linear Models 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Shannon-Weaver Mathematical Model, 1949 a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Background i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Claude Shannon, an engineer for the Bell Telephone Company, designed the most influential of all early communication models. His goal was to formulate a theoryRead MorePlanned Approach to Change11990 Words   |  48 Pages(Bernard.Burnes@umist.ac.uk).dismissed as outdated (Burnes, 2000; Dawson, 1994; Dent and Goldberg, 1999; Hatch, 1997; Kanter et al., 1992; Marshak, 1993). Yet, as this article will argue, his contribution to our understanding of individual and group behaviour and the role these play in organizations and society was enormous and is still relevant. In today’s turbulent and changing world, one might expect Lewin’s pioneering work on change to be seized upon with gratitude, especially given the high failure Read MoreThe Role Of Political Factors On Determining Return Volatility : Evidence From Nonlinear Panel Data Analysis1850 Words   |  8 Pagesfactors gain such notable responses, among many other existing problems or factors that could affect the stock market performance (such as macroeconomic policy changes or forecasts)? Obviously, there is no straightforward answer, yet the impact of such chaos on the investment decisions of firms or individual investors cannot be ruled out. On one hand, changes in political situation may influence to alter the investor expectations on equity price changes in near future; some risk-averse investors wouldRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Julien Donkey Boy 1920 Words   |  8 Pagesbecause I don t feel life has plots. There is no beginning, middle, or end, and it upsets me when things are tied up so perfectly (Geoff King, 59). As one may expect, JDB s narrative struc ture challenges our expectations, dissolving any sense of linear continuity in favour of a cinema of unpredictability (Adrian Gargett) which effectively disorients the viewer, trapping us within the queasy kaleidoscope of experience that characterizes the mind of the schizophrenic subject. Korine s syncopated

Why People Dream Two Points Of View - 1001 Words

Why People Dream: Two Points of View Jessica Zagroski Fisher College Often when you lay your head down after a long day, you get comfortable and cozy under your bed sheets and slowly begin to drift away into a dream. Dreams or dreaming can be defined as â€Å"a series of thoughts, visions, or feelings that happen during sleep.† (Definition and more from the free Merriam-Webster dictionary). While you are dreaming, there are two states of sleeping; one of them is REM sleep and the other one of them is non-REM sleep. Both of these sleep states help refresh the brain and store memories. The difference between these two is Non-REM sleep is slow heart rate and breathing, dreaming is usually absent during non-REM sleep. REM sleep is, body movement, rapid eye movement, faster pulse and breathing, also more dreaming. Some people will dream about four or five times a night, dreams are also usually spaced about 90 minutes apart. Not all people also remember their dreams when they wake up in the morning. Have you ever questioned why people dream? Some theories believe that dreaming has some sort of a hidden message while others believe dreams have no meanings. One point of view is the Psychodynamic Dream Theory and another is Activation-Synthesis Model of dreaming. A Psychodynamic Dream Theory is â€Å"any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces.† (Coon, D., Mitterer, J. O.) The book, The Interpretation ofShow MoreRelatedTheories of Dream Content in The Interpretation of Dreams by Freud1450 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Interpretation of Dreams†. This book was written to find out why do we actually dream and what does it mean in our psychological lives. In Freud’s view, dream is viewed as wish fulfilment. It is known as the satisfaction of a desire through an involuntary process. Therefore it can occur in dreams or daydreams in the symptoms or neurosis or hallucination of psychosis. It requires interpretation to recognize this satisfaction. I chose this book to explore whether our dreams do mean anything, andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Empire Falls By Richard Russo1090 Words   |  5 Pagesat the surface, they actually share several similarities. The characters of Empire Falls share the same outlook of life. Despite the American freedom they have, they will typically follow the path of life that they were born into and never question why. Overall, Empire Falls is a town of acceptance, accepting ones place in society as it is. The citizens of Empire Falls do not question their path of life and simply accept the basic truth of their lives. This speaks volumes for our country. Are we aRead MorePeoples Psychological Well-Being and Their Everyday Dreams: Critical Analysis of a Study871 Words   |  4 Pageswell-being) and their everyday dreams. It seems as if the researcher wished to determine whether individuals who suffered from bad dreams and nightmares also suffered from low self-esteem and self-worth during their waking hours; or in other words their psychological state was one continuous state during both their waking hours, and during the time they were asleep. The study also attempted to test two hypothesis; the first was that the proportion of negative to positive dream elements (e.g. aggressiveRead MoreDreams Are Interpreted Differently By People1557 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Psychology/Psych 111 April 26, 2016 Dreams Dreams are interpreted differently by people, from time to time it won t have any importance in human life . However, in other occasions a dream could influence a personal life. Feelings can be a powerful tool to affect a person with their dreams. Anger, happiness, and sadness are the most influential feelings in my point of view. The majority of dreams are forgotten; They influence people to react in a certain way. For example, during classRead MoreThe Theory And The Neurocognitive Theory1375 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstand what dreams are, why we have them, and what they mean. In this paper, I am going to use four different theories to analyze a dream I had. Some of these theories disagree with the other, but in my opinion they all have their strong points. Freud’s Theory, the Activation–Synthesis Theory, the Problem Solving theory, and the Neurocognitive theory, are the four theories dominating the field right now, and will be the four I will use to further understa nd my dream. My dream started in a veryRead MoreThe American Dream Is What Most People Hope For. People1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe American dream is what most people hope for. People migrate to the U.S. wanting to have a better life and people who live in the U.S hope to have a prosperous life. The Tortilla Curtain by T.C. Boyle shows two different couples trying to achieve the American dream and the things that they face to try and get the dream. Reading this you learn that there are many tribulations that people go through in trying to accomplish the American dream. This book enables the audience to view both perspectivesRead MoreMaslows Theory of Self-Actualization and Giving Up on Dreams1004 Words   |  5 Pagesin, people always give up on their dreams very easily. It is usual for us to hear someone say that, I quit. I can not do this any more. Some people do so because they are tired of what they are doing, and others may just give up on their dreams because of their own personality pr oblem. In my point of view, it is not a good or healthy thing to do because in the end, people may regret for what they decided to do. They may feel unhappy or even depressed. This can increase the number of people whoRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And The Death Of A Salesman1328 Words   |  6 PagesWithin these two stories, The Great Gatsby and The Death of a Salesman, there are numerous similarities and differences amongst the protagonist characters in the stories: Jay Gatsby, a well-off, aristocratic man who throws immense parties in order to satisfy his desires of finding the girl and Willy, a father who has flashbacks that distort his vision of the truth and his vision to success. The â€Å"American Dream† is the â€Å"dream† that all Americans are granted the same chance to attain their life goalsRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King s Speech1318 Words   |  6 PagesRacism has always been a major problem in America. However, it was known to be the most problematic in th e late 1950s. On August 28 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King delivered his infamous speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† to America. His dream highlighted the injustices of segregation and discrimination of African Americans that took place in this nation every single day. Dr. King inspired thousands despite the color of their skin, to take a stance against racism, with his powerful way with words. In his speechRead MoreAnalysis of An Occurrence at Owl Creek Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pagesimagination is key for some people, who escape real life into a fantasy world. Bierces â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek† uses point of view, structure, and symbolism to show the power or capability of imagination. Point of view, was used very effectively in â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek.† Although point of view can be effective in any story, the action changes points of view in the story, making for a more shocking end of the story. Since most stories are not told from the authors point of view, but rather from

Attributive Appositive Clauses free essay sample

Only the unity of these three elements forms a language; without any one of them there is no human language in the above sense. The phonological system is the subfoundation of language; it determines the material (phonetical) appearance of its significative units. The lexical system is the whole set of naming means of language, that is, words and stable wordgroups. The grammatical system is the whole set of regularities determining the combination of naming means in the formation of utterances as the embodiment of thinking process. The grammatical description of language is effected by the science of grammar. In the following work you’ll be introduced to the main unit of speech-the sentence, and specifically to the attributive appositive clauses. I’ll illustrate them from the grammatical viewpoint. The term paper is composed of two chapters. The first chapter gives a minute introduction to the sentence, i. e. we’ll go through different definitions of a sentence stated by different linguists, will discuss the types of sentences according to their purpose of utterance and structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Attributive Appositive Clauses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We’ll learn that according to the structure simple and composite sentences are distinguished. Going further we’ll see that composite sentences, in their turn, are divided into more complex groups. In the second chapter attributive appositive clauses will be illustrated with their respective subgroups. And in the end you’ll be introduced to the conclusion of the term paper, the purpose of which is to combine and dispose all the information we have in the following work. So, let’s go ahead and begin reading from the first chapter. Chapter 1 1. General Overview of Sentence The notion of sentence has not so far received a satisfactory definition, which would enable us by applying it in every particular case to find out whether a certain linguistic unit is a sentence or not. There are different definitions of sentence given by linguists. Now I’ll introduce some of them in the following 3 paragraphs: According to Bloomfield a sentence is an â€Å"indepen dent linguistic form, not included by virtue of any grammatical construction in any larger linguistic form†. Kaushanskaya thinks that a sentence is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to the laws of the language and which serves as the chief means of conveying a thought (line 1, page 221, chapter 15, V. L. Kaushanskaya â€Å"Grammar of the English Language†, Moscow 2000). M. Y. Blokh states that a sentence is the immediate integral unit of speech built up of words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose. Any coherent connection of words having an informative destination is effected within the framework of the sentence. Therefore the sentence is the main object of syntax as part of the grammatical theory (line 19, page 236, chapter 21, M. Y. Blokh â€Å"A Course In Theoretical English Grammar†, Moscow 1983). 1. 2 Classification of Sentences. The Classification of Sentences According to the Purpose of Utterance The classification of sentences is based on two factors: A) the purpose of utterance B) the structure According to the purpose of the utterance we distinguish between four kinds of sentences. 1) The declarative sentence. A declarative sentence states a fact in the affirmative or negative form. In a declarative sentence the subject precedes the predicate. It is generally pronounced with a falling intonation. Ex. George Gordon Byron was a British poet and a leading figure in the Romantic movement. I don’t know anything more dismal than that business. (Thackeray) 2) The interrogative sentence. An interrogative sentence asks a question. It is formed by means of inversion, i. e. by placing the predicate (or part of it) before the subject (unless the subject of the interrogative word, in which case there is no inversion. There are four kinds of questions: a) General question requiring the answer yes or no and spoken with a rising intonation. They are formed by placing part of the predicate, i. e. the auxiliary or modal verb before the subject of the sentence. Ex. What’s the matter now, my dear? (Thackeray) Can you walk now? (Thackeray) b) Special questions beginning with an interrogative word and spoken with a falling intonation. The order of words is the same as in general questions, but the interrogative word precedes the auxiliary verb. Ex. When are you coming back? Thackeray) c) Alternative questions, indication choice and spoken with a rising intonation in the first part and falling intonation In the second part. Ex. Is he coming tonight or tomorrow? (Thackeray) d) Disjunctive questions requiring the answer yes or no and consisting of an affirmative statement followed by a negative question, or a negative statement followed by an affirmative question. The first part is spoken with a falli ng intonation and the second part with a rising intonation. Ex. She is beautiful, isn’t she? (Thackeray) 3) The imperative sentence. An imperative sentence serves to induce a person to do something, so it expresses a command, a request, an invitation, etc. Commands are characterized by a falling tone. Ex. Leave the room immediately! (Thackeray) Requests and invitations are characterized by a rising intonation. Ex. Hand me that paper, please! (Thackeray) 4) The exclamatory sentence. An exclamatory sentence expresses some kind of emotion or feeling. It often begins with the words what and how, it is always in the declarative form, I. e. no inversion takes place. It is generally spoken with a falling intonation. Ex. Good Heavens Miss Sharp! Thackeray) Though In modern linguistics it has been demonstrated that exclamatory sentences do not possess the necessary qualities that could place them on one level with those mentioned above, but still, we do consider it as a type of a sentence according to the purpose of utterance. So, this principle of classification is also called â€Å"types of communication†. 1. 3 Th e Classification of Sentences According to the Structure Depending on their predicative complexity sentences can be monopredicative (one predicative line in them) and polypredicative (more than one predicative line). So, according to the structure we state two main types: simple sentences (one predicative line) and composite sentences (more than one predicative line). 1. 3. 1 The Simple Sentence A simple sentence is a sentence having only a subject, a predicate, and sometimes an object. According to their structure simple sentences are divided into two-member and one-member sentences. A two-member sentence has two principal members- a subject and a predicate. Ex. Fleur established immediate contact with an architect. (Galsworthy) This sentence has both a subject and a predicate. The subject is Fleur and the predicate is established. So, that’s why it is considered to be a two-member sentence. A two-member sentence may be complete or incomplete. It is complete when it has a subject and a predicate. Ex. He gave Harry a hearty wink. (Harry potter and the Chamber off secrets) In the above mentioned sentence he is the subject and gave is the predicate. So, the sentence is complete because it has both a subject and a predicate. A sentence is considered incomplete when one of the principal parts or both of them are missing, but can be easily understood from the context. Such sentences are called elliptical and are mostly used in colloquial speech and especially in dialogue. Ex. What were you doing? Drinking (Shaw) In the above mentioned sentence (â€Å"Drinking†) the subject is missing and the predicate is partially present, but from the context we can easily infer that the subject would be I, and the full sentence would look like this: I was drinking. A one-member sentence is a sentence having only one member which is neither the subject nor the predicate. This does not mean, however, that the other member is missing, for the one member makes the sense complete. One-member sentences are generally used in descriptions and in emotional speech. If the main part of a one-member sentence is expressed by a noun, the sentence is called nominal. The noun may be modified by attributes. Ex. Freedom! Bells ringing out, flowers, kisses, wine. (Heym) The main part of a one member sentence may often be expressed by an infinitive. Ex. To be or not to be! Simple sentences, both two-member and one-member, can be unextended and extended. A sentence consisting only of the primary or principal parts is called an unextended sentence. Ex. She is a student. Winter! An extended sentence is a sentence consisting of the subject, the predicate and one or more secondary parts (objects, attributes, or adverbial modifiers). Ex. The two native women stole furtive glances at Sarie. (Abrahams) 1. 3. 2 The Composite Sentence A composite sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more clauses. A clause is a part of a sentence which has a subject and a predicate of its own. There are two main types: independent (principal clauses), dependent (subordinate clauses). An independent (principal) clause is a complete sentence; it contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought in both context and meaning. Ex. The door opened. A dependent (subordinate) clause is part of a sentence; it contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. Subordinate clauses can make sense on their own, but, they are dependent on the rest of the sentence for context and meaning. When these clauses join they form composite sentences. The composite sentence, as different from the simple sentence, is formed by two or more predicative lines. Being a polypredicative construction, it expresses a complicated act of thought, i. e. an act of mental activity which falls into two or more intellectual efforts closely combined with one another. In terms of situations and events this means that the composite sentence reflects two or more elementary situational events viewed as making up a unity; the constitutive connections of the events are expressed by the constitutive connections of the predicative lines of the sentence, i. . by the sentential polypredication. Each predicative unit in a composite sentence makes up a clause in it, so that a clause as part of a composite sentence corresponds to a separate sentence as part of a contextual sequence. Ex. When I sat down to dinner I looked for an opportunity to slip in casually the information that I had by accident run across the Driffields; but news travelled fast in Blackstab le. (S. Maugham) The cited composite sentence includes four clauses which are related to one another on different semantic grounds. The sentences underlying the clauses are the following: I sat down for dinner. I looked for an opportunity to slip in casually the information. I had by accident run across the Driffields. News travelled fast in Blackstable. The use of composite sentences, especially long and logically intricate ones, is characteristic of literary written speech rather than colloquial oral speech. This unquestionable fact is explained by three reasons: one relating to the actual needs of expression; one relating to the possibilities of production; and one relating to the onditions of perception. Composite sentences display two principal types of construction: subordination (hypotaxis) and coordination (parataxis). The initial rise of subordination and coordination as forms of composite sentences can be traced back to the early stages of language development, i. e. to the times when language had no writing. By coordination the clauses are arranged as units of syntactically equal rank, i. e. equipotent ly; by subordination, as units of unequal rank, one being categorically dominated by the other. In terms of the positional structure of the sentence it means that by subordination one of the clauses (subordinate) is placed in a notional position of the other (principal). The means of combining clauses into a polypredicative sentence are divided into syndetic, i. e. conjunctional, and asyndetic, i. e. non-conjunctional. Ex. He knew here were excuses for his father, yet he felt sick at heart. (Cronin) The month was July, the morning fine, the glass-door stood a jar, through it played a fresh breeze. (Ch. Bronte) Besides the classical types of coordination and subordination of clauses, we find another case of the construction of composite sentence, namely, when the connection between the clauses combined in a polypredicative unit is expressly loose, placing the sequential clause in a syntactically detached position. In this loosely connected composite, the sequential clause information is presented rather as an afterthought, an idea that has come to the mind of the speaker after the completion of the foregoing utterance, which later, by this new utterance-forming effort, is forcibly made into the clausal fore-part of a composite sentence. This kind of syntactic connection comes under the heading of cumulation. Its formal sign is often the tone of sentential completion followed by a shorter pause than an inter-sentential one, which intonational complex is represented in writing by a semi-final punctuation mark, such as semi-colon, a dash, sometimes a series of periods. Ex. He uttered no other words of greeting; there was too strong a rush of mutual consciousness. (Eliot) In the composite sentences the constitutive predicative lines are expressed separately and explicitly: composite sentences are formed by minimum two clauses each having a subject and a predicate of its own. Alongside of these â€Å"completely† composite sentences, there exist constructions in which one explicit predicative line is combined with another one, the latter being not explicitly or completely expressed. To such constructions belong, for instance, sentences with homogeneous predicates, as well as sentences with verbid complexes. Ex. Philip ignored the question and remained silent. These predicative constructions should be called semi-composite sentences. We divide composite sentences into compound and complex sentences.