Study Into Respiratory Infection Reduction Health And Social Care Essay

Summary OF THE STUDYThe chief purpose of the survey was to measure whether there was a decrease in the marks and symptoms of acute upper respiratory infection and alterations in behavioural responses of the kids who received steam inspiration compared to kids who did non have steam inspiration. The conceptual frame work of the survey was a nursing procedure theoretical account based on the Dorothy Johnson ‘s behaviour system theoretical account. The independent variable of the survey was steam inspiration therapy with Tulsi and the dependent variables were symptoms and behavioural responses of kids. The survey was conducted in a small town with the population of about 1913. The people in the community are of two groups based on caste Harijans and Grounders shacking on southern and northern portion of the community severally. A convenient sampling of 25 kids from each group was selected. Demographic information and information on grade of acute upper respiratory infection and behavioural responses were collected from both the groups utilizing an experimental checklist and structured interview agenda. For the experimental group steam inspiration with Tulsi was administered for 10 yearss prior to each disposal steam inspiration on every twenty-four hours and after disposal the grade of AURI utilizing experimental checklist and informations on behavioural responses was assessed daily by self study from the female parent during the period of 11 yearss. The control group continued to utilize the application of Vicks and milk with Piper nigrum and Curcuma longa. Data on grade of acute upper respiratory infection and behavioural responses was collected as for the experimental group. The informations were analyzed utilizing descriptive and illative statistics.SUMMARY OF FINDINGS:Demographic informationsIn experimental group, bulk of the samples 60 % were in the age group of 13 – 24 female parents and in control group 60 % of the samples were in the age group of 6 – 12 female parent, Majority of the samples in experimental group 52 % and 60 % in control group were females. 48 % of the samples in experimental group and 44 % of the samples in control group were male. All the samples 100 % in both the groups were immunized. In the experimental group 48 % of the samples and 44 % in control group had primary degree of instruction 32 % of the samples in experimental group and 36 % in control group had secondary degree of instruction 20 % of the samples in both the group were illiterate. Majority of the samples 64 % in experimental group and 52 % in control group had the income of Rs. 2001 – 3000 per month and 36 % of the samples in experimental group and 48 % of the samples in control group had the income of Rs. 3001- 4000 per month.Signs and symptoms of acute upper respiratory infectionThe marks observed were fluid nose, sneezing, lacrimation of eyes, pink and glistening mucous membrane of nose, presence of crusts on the olfactory organ, febrility, cough, ruddy and conceited pharynx. The acute upper respiratory infection was assessed in three degree – no infection, mild infection and moderate infection. Before intercession, 60 % of the samples had mild grade of infection in experimental group. In control group 84 % of the samples had mild grade of infection and 16 % of the samples had moderate grade of infection. In experimental group on 11th twenty-four hours after intercession all 100 % of the samples had no infection. In the control group 84 % of samples had mild degree infection and 12 % had moderate grade of infection on 11th twenty-four hours. The average mark of grade of infection in experimental group should hold a important decrease after the steam inspiration therapy on 11th twenty-four hours.Behavioral responses of experimental and control groupThe behavioural responses of kids with acute upper respiratory infection were assessed under 2 classs such as physical activity and societal activity in three degrees [ inactive, moderate, and extremely active ] . The behavioural responses assessed were calls of the kid, sleep, jobs in eating, respond to tickle, involvement to play with playthings, smiling, response of the kid when called by name running about, want to be carried by female parent ever, involvement in playing with other kids. Before intercession in the experimental group bulk 69 % of the samples was physically and socially in active, 40 % were samples reasonably active and in control group 50 % of the samples were physically and socially in active and 50 % of the samples were reasonably active. None of the samples in both the group were active. On 11th twenty-four hours in experimental group all the samples 100 % were extremely active and control group 66 % of the samples were in active and 34 % were reasonably active. In the experimental group the mean mark was 0.00 which was less compared to the control group. This shows the consequence of steam inspiration therapy that improves the behavioural responses of kids with acute upper respiratory infection.Significant Findingss:There was a important difference in average mark of grade of acute upper respiratory infection of experimental group ( t=21.88, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, df-48 ) compared to command group. Hence, the research hypothesis H1was accepted at 0.05 degree of significance. There was a important difference in the average behavioural responses score between the experimental and control group ( t=39.44, df-48, p & A ; lt ; 0.05 % ) . Hence, the research hypothesis H2 was accepted at 0.05 degree of significance. There was no important association between the demographic variables and grade of acute respiratory infection.DecisionThe grade of acute upper respiratory infection and behavioural responses is same for both the group before intercession. But, after intercession there was important decrease in experimental group for all mark and symptoms of acute upper respiratory infection where in control group there was no important decrease. There was a important betterment in the behavioural responses in experimental group after intercession and in control group there was no such betterment in the behavioural responses.DeductionNursing PracticeSteam inspiration therapy with Tulsi foliages had an consequence on grade of acute upper respiratory infection and behavioural responses in kids. Nurses as wellness professionals have the double duty of being wellness attention suppliers every bit good as wellness pedagogues. The determination of the survey indicate that all the heath squad members particularly the nurse who works in the community should be cognizant about the effectivity of steam inspiration therapy with Tulsi on acute upper respiratory infection and educate the people to utilize this low cost natural merchandise. Peoples belonging to all strata of society must be encouraged to utilize of Tulsi foliages by making consciousness about the help ability, low cost and efficiency of this natural merchandise to diminish the grade of acute upper respiratory infection.Nursing EducationThe findings of the survey stress the consequence of steam inspiration with Tulsi foliages on cut downing the grade of acute upper respiratory infection and the betterment in behavioural responses of kids. This information can be included in the nursing course of study in order to better the wellness position and forestall the complications of respiratory infection in the community.Nursing Administration:The consequ ence showed steam inspiration with Tulsi leaves diminish the grade of acute upper respiratory infection. The nurse as an decision maker should be after and form go oning nursing instruction programmes which are good to the people in the community planning and organisation of such programmes require efficient squad work, be aftering the work force, money, stuff and clip to carry on successful instruction and clip to carry on successful instruction programmes.Nursing ResearchThis is merely initial probe to measure the effectivity of steam inspiration with Tulsi on acute upper respiratory infection. There is a demand for intensive research in the country of nursing to render missive service non merely in the infirmary but besides in the community.RecommendationA similar survey can be replicated on a layer population covering an extended community. A survey can be conducted in other countries of Coimbatore metropolis. A similar survey can be conducted in infirmary scene for patient with acute upper respiratory infection. A comparative survey can be conducted between rural and urban scenes. A comparative survey can be conducted between male and female kids with acute upper respiratory infection.

Three Shots and Indian Camp

Devin Westfall Professor Peter Faziani English 151 October 15, 2012 Hemingway’s Nick Adams â€Å"Three Shots† and â€Å"Indian Camp† In Hemingway’s Nick Adams â€Å"Three Shots† and â€Å"Indian Camp† Nick goes through some changes in his life. He goes from being scared that someday he must die to feeling quite sure that he will never die. In the short story â€Å"Three Shots† Nick, his father, and his uncle are camping and Nick remembers with shame how he had gotten scared thinking about how he would die one day when he was alone. His father and uncle go fishing after supper leaving Nick all alone at the camp site.He tried to lay still and go to sleep but he couldn’t all he could think about is that someday he must die it started to make him feel quite sick. â€Å"Before they shoved the boat out his father told him that if any emergency came up while they were gone he was to fire three shots with the rifle and they would come right back. † Nick ended up calling his father and uncle by firing three shots up in the air with the rifle his father had left him, this had made his uncle frustrated by thinking that Nick was a coward; his father on the other hand more understands then his uncle.When his father and uncle return his father ask him â€Å"what was it Nickie? † He lies and tells his father that he had heard an animal outside the tent he was too ashamed to tell his father the truth. In the short story â€Å"Indian Camp† Nick accompanies his father, who is a Doctor, and his uncle to an Indian camp, to help a young Indian women she had been trying to give birth to her child for two days due to complications. Nicks father ends up having to perform a caesarian to recover the women’s child. Oh, daddy, can’t you give her something to make her stop screaming? Asked nick† Nick becomes frightened by the women’s screams and does not want to watch his father perform the surgery on the Indian women. Nicks father had been told that the baby’s father had hurt himself in an ax accident a few days before and he goes to take a look at him and finds that the baby’s father had actually killed himself by slitting his throat from one end to another.Nicks father tries to keep him from seeing what had happened to the man but it was too late he had already seen what had happened. Nicks father feels awful for bringing him along and putting him through everything he had seen that day. As they are leaving the camp Nick and his father discuss suicide and death. â€Å"Why did he kill himself, daddy? † Nicks father didn’t know the answer to his question he told him he didn’t know and that maybe it was because he couldn’t stand things, Nick then asks â€Å"is dying, hard daddy? His father tells him no its not and that he thinks it’s pretty easy, Nick then felt quite sure that he would never die. In conclusion Hemin gway’s Nick Adams â€Å"Three Shots† and â€Å"Indian Camp† both change Nick throughout each story in different ways. He goes from being scared of dying someday to feeling quite sure that he would never die. In â€Å"Three Shots† it shows a conflict between nicks immaturity and his realization that all life eventually come to an end. In â€Å"Indian Camp† it shows life and death, Nick is no longer afraid of death.

A lesson in opportunity

â€Å"Nature’s bequest gives nothing, but doth lend; And, being frank, she lends to those are free†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦The pencil in my left hand scratches Shakespeare’s fourth sonnet laboriously across the notebook paper lying on my father’s desk as the dreary rain patters lightly on the screen door to my left. Somehow, the rain gives solace to my melancholy: as the weather cycles emulate the constant changes in the world around me, they remind me that the only constant is change itself. However cliche and ambiguous an idea that is, it is comforting to know that there is some order in this forever-changing world, that the water in an ocean thousands of miles away will continue to evaporate, condense, and fall on my North Texas rooftop, no matter what goes on in my slightly insignificant life. Why, you may be thinking, am I copying the sonnets of Shakespeare on this drab evening? Why this, instead of just reading them? Or why with my left hand, when I am in fact right-handed? I was in no adventurous accident, have broken no bones in my right hand, and no firearm is being held to my brunette head, despite what you may think would be necessary to get a 16-year-old girl to copy 500-year-old poems. Rewind a few hours. I’m sitting in the senior center of the hospital where I volunteer, highlighting admittance forms, pausing now and then to explain to a patient in slightly-too-loud tones that they missed this line, that they were supposed to sign here, laughing comfortingly and assuring them that â€Å"these forms are so complicated,† highlighting and wondering to myself why they are so complicated, and why exactly the patients have to sign the same forms every time they come in for an appointment? My right hand grows tired. I decide to use my left hand and decide that I would like to teach myself to write with my left hand. I’m grounded, after all, for the first time in my life†¦why not take advantage of this daunting week-long house-arrest? I come home, pick up the complete works of Shakespeare I got for five dollars at my favorite book-reseller last week, turn from the page of Romeo and Juliet that I was reading for the fourth or fifth time last night, and scavenge for a pencil. After three some-odd sonnets, I have yet to see any marked improvement, but remain confident that by the time I get to the 154th, at the end of my long week of nothing but work and volunteering, my left-handed writing with be somewhat decipherable. While my slightly insignificant life continues on in the (maybe a little eccentric) way I just described, the cosmos far beyond the dull-gray stratus clouds above continue their elaborate movements, their endless dance above and infinitely beyond the scope of our finite realm. In this finite realm, while at the bookstore the other day, in addition to Shakespeare’s complete works, I picked up Virgil’s Aeneid, Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, Voltaire’s Candide, Zadig and Other Short Stories, and my summer reading books for AP English IV. After making quick work of the latter (I’ll read them again before school starts), I moved on to the works of Francois Marie Arouet, i.e. Voltaire. My friends, co-workers, and especially my boyfriend Cameron (who learned to appreciate them after I elaborated on a few of Voltaire’s arguments), might make fun of me for it, but I really find this book fascinating! While eating lunch at the hospital cafeteria before m y shift today, I came to the short story â€Å"Micromegas.† This little gem is quite the story. It is the tale of a giant (don’t be fooled by the â€Å"micro† in his name, pay your regards to the suffix), native to one of the planets orbiting the star Sirius, who comes to earth seeking adventure. Because their size is exponentially bigger than that of us five-foot humans, he and his travelling companion from Saturn fail to see the humans around them on Earth. The Saturn-ite (if there be such a title) argues that there is no one on Earth, for he cannot see them. â€Å"Micromegas,† however, â€Å"politely made him sense that this was rather bad reasoning. ‘For,’ he said, ‘you do not see with your little eyes certain stars of the fiftieth magnitude that I perceive very distinctly; do you conclude from this that theses starts do not exist?’† To these colossal beings, we humans were mere atoms on a cramped little globe, and our million-men wars were completely foolish quibbles over pieces of land the size of their heels. The Saturn-ite was closed-minded: he thought that no one sensible could live on such a planet, and looked down on the people once his friend found them. Micromegas, while recognizing that â€Å"People at my court would not deign to look at [humans],† offered the people he had found his protection, because was willing to hear their ideas and discerned that they were truly remarkable beings. Many of us, I believe, could learn a lesson from this character. While we are sitting here in our microscopic homes worrying about what miniscule problems we will face tomorrow, a whole world awaits us. Perhaps we cannot ride on the tails of comets and use Aurora as a doorkeeper like Voltaire’s fantastical characters do, here is our world before us, and however subjectively small or large it is, we will never lack opportunities to do some small bit of good in it. When we walk into school or work, we never lack opportunities to be open-minded in our interactions with other people gaining knowledge where we can and giving it where we are asked, discerning but not judging, and doing good wherever we can. In Voltaire’s â€Å"Zadig,† I read that â€Å"The opportunity of doing harm comes a hundred times a day, and that of doing good once a year.† I believe that an education will provide me with many opportunities to do good in the world around me, and would to love to be able to experience them myself.

Shell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shell - Essay Example There is no laid out rule that clearly states what and how the reserves of oil is to be estimated, though there are guidelines given by SEC for the purpose. SEC guidelines were also not met by the reserves estimation that was declared by the executives of the company and they knew it all along. Continuing pressure on non-declaration of the actual reserve estimation in line with the law, made them to come out and accept a revision in their reserves. This made the share prices tumble and the company started losing its standing in the market place. Whereas compared to its competitors the company should have been rated low even in 1997, but the executives of the company for holding up their company's performance, raised the reserves ratio and other key performance indicators of the company. This could be looked at as the pressure on the company to really escalate figures. Though this cannot be construed to be a valid reason for artificial escalation of the figures, it is the predominant reason why the reserves were shown bloated. The corporate governance at the company has been lacking the guts face up to the situation. The major cause of the problem is that the executives could not stand up for a loss of face in the initial run and still thought even after knowing that wrong representation has happened, the second note from Vijver to Watts on 22 Jul 2002 indicates that the company executives were planning really to cover up this even in the last minute. They expected to cover up the entire additional reserves indicated using either of the project maturation, license extensions and new exploration successes. It is important therefore, to note that the corporate governance in the company at its top level had sinister views. The overall company performance itself was in a quandary and to hide the same these fictitious reserves have been brought up. The lack of appropriate planning to counter the fall of reserves, the lack of judgment on the part of the executives to bring about changes in the company so that such performance degrading would not have happened are the major causes for the failure of the company. This is essentially a failure of the corporate governance. Secondly, a well governed organization will have its own corporate correcting and auditing mechanism that will bring even the top management under its purview. If someone should direct the company in a wrong direction, then the company should have a mechanism to throw it up early on or immediately after its occurrence. This will be the ideal control mechanism. In a well governed company that will be the case. A failure of corporate governance is obvious here since such a mechanism has failed to exist in the company or has failed to be active. b) After 2000-01, Shell management decided to come out because of the constant nagging fear that they might really be caught making this mistake and lying to people consistently. Vijver, the CEO of the Shell EP, was also of the view that the RRR of the company has to be maintained since it would a major performance index that share holders will look at when deciding on the price in the market. The disclosure of the reserves had to happen since because of the disclosure that was done in a memorandum prepared by the staff of the EP. There was also an observation in the memorandum by the law firm, Cravaith, Swaine & Moore that the

An examination of the role of inter-professional practice in Essay

An examination of the role of inter-professional practice in contemporary social work - Essay Example al., 2011). An effectual inter-professional collaborative practice in healthcare system in social work generally takes place when health workers, belonging to diverse professional backgrounds, work collaboratively with the families, patients as well as the communities for the purpose of offering superior quality care to the patients (Collin & et. al., n.d.). There are certain imperative facets of an effective inter-professional collaboration or collaborative practice that include open communication, equality of available resources and the subsistence of autonomy where a poor form of inter-professional collaborative practice can impose adverse impacts upon the quality of care rendered to the patients through social work (Royal College of Nursing, 2007). One of the important skills required in inter-professional collaborative practice to enhance the quality care for the patients is Inter-Professional Education (IPE). IPE is typically described as the students or the members engaged with several professions, either linked with social or healthcare backgrounds. This particular inter-professional collaborative practice facilitates effectual collaboration among the health workers and enhances health outcomes through their shared information or skills (AAMC, 2011). It has been apparently observed in this context that IPE offers a capability to share effective skills as well as dynamic knowledge between different professionals and facilitates better understanding regarding shared values. It also enhances respect amid different professionals’ in terms of responsibilities associated with healthcare (Bridges & et. al., 2011). An effective inter-professional collaborative practice is typically regarded as one of the indispensable const ituents of a better social work practice. In this context, it can be stated that the social or healthcare workers should remain much confident in

3 key differences between managers and leaders Essay

3 key differences between managers and leaders - Essay Example Kotter asserts that when an individual is playing the role of a leader he comes up with new ideas and plans and persuades his/her followers into thinking about a future that is both positive and beneficial in nature (KOTTERMAN, 2006, p.15). A leader always has to keep his eyes open for opportunities and develop new techniques and strategies in accordance to these opportunities. On the contrary, a manager has the responsibility of maintaining how the organization is currently running and the culture that has been adopted by the organization. His main aim is to secure the organization’s bottom line and maintain discipline through his controlling role. According to Nicholaides’ research that the role of a leader is to inspire his/her followers to make them perform at their best and he is well aware of how follower’s pace of work can be increased (Nicolaides, 2010, p.32). He asserts that success in leadership is not dependent on what the individual leader does; it is rather dependant on what the followers do in response to a leader. On the other hand a manager is an individual who uses his control over the employees and subordinates by assisting them in developing their personal asserts and helping them in using their best talents. Any individual within the organization can become a leader, a leader’s power are not dependant on the position he is assigned to within the organization. For example: a leader can be an executive working in the information technology department. This is because he has expertise and information that nobody else within the organization has and in order to obtain his/her expertise, followers accept him/her as a leader. Stanley suggests that a manager obtains his power due to his/her management level position within the hierarchy of an organization (STANLEY, 2006, p.33). Grint asserts that even managers are followers of a leader as a leader creates the

Industrial Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Industrial Networks - Essay Example After an in-depth perusal of this book it is possible to glean that it covers a wide array of subject matter with its multiple authorship and pertains to a discussion of the common model of the industrial networks philosophy with the role of its main protagonists in the form of business individuals and organisations who have to continuously interact with each other with in the corporate environment and this very interaction would then constitute a framework for understanding the continuum of this interaction and the relevant exchange processes.The question which is explored as a theme through out this book is whether the certainty arising from the growth of long term relationships means that the actors will get will reduce transaction risks in business relationships as well as the investment risks arising from informal distribution. The basic aim of the stren... The basic aim of the strengthening of these relationships, as can be understood from the pith and substance of this book is realise the prospects of the ability of exploiting business sources which are closely linked to each other in terms of Functional interdependence,power and knowledge structures and intemporal dependence.Functional interdependence with in the terminology of this text exists due to the heterogeneity of the consumer base which would then require an equally heterogeneous supply from resources, and the protagonists of the business world.Furthermore in the context of the power structure it may be stated that the power structure is the degree of control and resources in the hands of the various actors and may or may not always be equally distributed and this will have a major impact upon the over all overall structure and decisions taken with in the network.Thirdly we have the impact of the knowledge structure which is described by the authors as amounting to the depen dence upon the limited knowledge and resources available to the actors.Last there is intemporal dependence with this so called industrial network which pertains to a large number of investments in business networking,PR and the infrastructure and since this book talks about network change there is a chance that we are looking at something which aids a smoother transition and more grounded in past industrial practice. The industrial network theory Basically when we are looking at the industrial network theory it can be seen that there is indeed a trilogy of the interaction, relationship and network research with in the industrial interaction in Business to Business dealings and it can be said that while this book is almost two decades old to the context of modern business

A winning marketing campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A winning marketing campaign - Essay Example With its headquarters in Spain, Zara has managed to establish stores in over 80 countries a clear indication of how big their fashion reach is. From 2007, Zara stores have embraced wide range of men, women and kids clothing each divided into various categories such as upper garment, lower garment, cosmetics, shoes, complement among many new arrivals (ZARA). Following the emerging trend with regards to men’s collection, Zara will be launching a new collection of jackets for men. Fitting the 7p’s of marketing as well as an effective promotional strategy a winning marketing campaign for the new product will be embraced by the marketing team with an aim of creating awareness of its launch and producing the anticipated profits for the brand. Focusing on three key objectives which are, presenting the relevant information for the new product to be launched, increasing the demand for the product and differentiating the product from other brands, the best promotional tools to be used will be advertising and public relations. Advertising is referred to as a form of paid promotional tool whereby a non-personal communication is used in order to reach the targeted audience (Hackley, 2010). For an organization that operates on a global platform advertising is a significant promotional tool as it creates awareness of the products much faster. The benefits of using advertising are numerous. To start with advertising promotes wider coverage depending on the medium used, it promotes a better branding perception, it offers an efficient audience engagement and also it is informative (Masterson, 2010). In this case as the marketing team, we will use the internet, newspapers, magazines, television and also billboard posters in the brand countries bases in order to inform and persuade the men customers, who are the targeted audience for the new collection. The internet

The Reasons Behind the Volatility of Agricultural Product Prices and Essay

The Reasons Behind the Volatility of Agricultural Product Prices and Other Questions - Essay Example The prices of agricultural products tend to be unstable because the supply of agricultural products changes from time to time, and this mainly depends on the variable weather conditions that affect the size of the harvest. According to a study carried out by Riley, he makes the conclusion that when the agricultural output falls short of planned output, for a given level of demand then the prices of products are bound to rise. On the other hand, Riley says that when the actual output is in excess of the planned output, for a given level of demand then the market price does fall (2006, p. 3). More often, the demand of a product has the effect making the value of the product higher when the supply for the products is low. Toepfer international carried out studies to determine the reasons for the price volatility of agricultural products. The study shows that there are three key market fundamentals. These fundamentals are responsible for the greater price variations of agricultural produ cts. The report states that agricultural output does vary from season to season due to the natural shocks such as weather and pests. They also state production in the agricultural sector does take time, so the aspect of supply cannot respond much to price changes in the short term and lastly, the supply and demand elasticity is small when compared to the issue of price. The agency explain that, during a supply shock, the variation between supply and demand need to be strong so as to enable the regaining of the balance of supply and demand this is fundamental when dealing with a case of low stocks (2011, p.5). The supply and demand shocks are a vital part when it comes to the determination of the prices of agricultural commodities. A clear example is the massive drought that hit Russia in the year 2010; this was accompanied by the restriction of the exportation of grains out of the black sea region. These circumstances massively affected the prices of commodities; there was a reporte d increase in the prices of agricultural commodities. In such times of high and volatile prices, most countries decrease their exports and increase on their imports. The end results of such measures is a destabilizing effect, for instance, the restriction of the exportation of rice by leading exporters in the year 2007 saw the tripling of prices despite the stable demand and harvest (2011, p. 5). The issue of price volatility in agricultural products has been of serious concern to most of the governments. In June 2011, the Agricultural ministers of the G20 gathered their ideas on how this issue could be addressed. Among the many suggestions, they focused on the launching of the Agricultural Market Information system this would enable the providence of timely accurate reliable and transparent information that would be of help in addressing the issue of price volatility. The Agricultural ministries of the G20 also suggests the strengthening of the international governance of agricultu ral trade in favour of an open, rule based and well functioning global market for agricultural products. The main reason for this is that the international trade contributes in the improvement of food security and in addressing the issue of price volatility. Many governments also have invested in the boosting of agricultural production by strengthening agricultural research and innovation. The establishment of well and functioning markets is also a strategy that focuses on the encouragement of the public and private sector t invest in agriculture (Toepfer International, 2011, p.6). A group of researchers observed that the instability of financial markets and the strong variations in the exchange rates are among

Unemployment Among University Graduates in Malaysia. Essay Example for Free

Unemployment Among University Graduates in Malaysia. Essay Today, we can see the unemployed graduates become increase until the certain parties have to address this situation. The finding of the Ministry’s Graduate Tracer Study 2006, 30. 7% of graduates remained unemployed six months after convocation, while 5. 7% were still waiting job placement . According to the Minister of Human Resources, the number of unemployment female graduates is also much higher on comparison male graduates. In view of this, there is a pressing need for the education authorities and employers to look into the cause of unemployment among new university graduates and find solution to address this problem. Firstly, the cause of unemployed graduates nowadays is the incompatibility in the focus of higher education institutions and the needs of labor market. The reason for that is lack in compatibility as compared to the situation twenty years ago. In addition, there is an increase of competitiveness and volatility in the labor market. The work environment nowadays require graduates to have some work experiences in order to the requirement of qualified employee. Besides that, incompatibility in the knowledge acquired in higher education institution is one of the factor. The second reason is lack of experiences and skills among the university graduates. Most of organizations today prefer to have graduates with experience to ensure the employers sustain their economic competitiveness. The number of unemployed female graduates is much higher in comparison male graduates. Moreover, those graduates with essential skills are more preferable compared to them who does not have any skills. They also should have proficiency in English. Other than that, university graduates have to possess their interpersonal skills in order to decrease the number of unemployment among them. One of the most appropriate way on how to overcome this problem is the responsible authorities should introduce programmes for fresh graduates. The Ministry of Human Resources’ Unemployed Graduates Training Scheme is an example of training programme that is used to equip graduates with certain skills and experience . Furthermore, it is maintains that we should have the Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs’ recruitment programme to provide employment opportunities to graduates. Besides that, this programme is to expose graduates to opportunities in the private sectors. The last solution for unemployment among university graduates is the Ministry should review the tertiary education system. This includes the development of soft skills through extra curricular activities. This kind of activities not only to build character but to enhance interpersonal skills. In addition, it also develops a critical and creative thinking among those graduates. It is important for a student to begin accumulating as much work related experience as early as they can. Moreover, the Ministry must continually stimulates students’ minds through discussions and evaluate case studies in order to help higher institutions produce high quality graduates. In conclusion, there are certain factors that leads to unemployment among university graduates in Malaysia such as mismatch in the focus of higher education and the needs of labor market, and those graduates have low experience and skill. There are many ways to address this situation for example provide specific and extra training to graduates to fulfill industry’s needs, and enhance the management education system. Hopefully, this problem can be defeat slowly in order to expand the economy of our country.

The Social Factual Norms By Durkheim Sociology Essay

The Social Factual Norms By Durkheim Sociology Essay Over the past years the headlines of newspapers have read everything from Neighbour says Nia chucked on line (NZHerald: 2008) to just this month very violent brain injury killed baby (NZHerald: 2011). In New Zealand on average one child is killed every 5 weeks due to Child Abuse. This figure should not come as a surprise; as over the past decade stories of fatal child abuse cases have been frequently covered in the news (Child matters: 2011). Norms are a social fact (Durkheim: 1982). These are the words from the famous French sociologist Emile Durkheim. He went on to explain that we are born into a pre-existing order, with rules and norms that have already been premade and set. And that if we want to live in this society we are born into, we must learn to abide by these pre-determined sanctions (Durkheim: 1982/1895, p56-57). These already set norms include those associated with the issue of child abuse. We dont have to think twice when reading horrendous articles in the newspaper of children being put in clothes dryers and severely beaten. We already know that it is morally wrong. Although in different cultures around the world different types of abuse may be seen as a form of, what they see as normal punishment. These social facts still exist around us. They were there before we were born and will still remain weather we choose to agree or disagree with them; most of which have consequences if you do chose to stray from them. This brings us Sharyn Roach Anleus 5 key questions surrounding norms; 1) whose norms? , in the case of child abuse it is our society/country of New Zealands norms. The norm is that it is not right to abuse children, or anyone. It is seen as a bad thing and as a country I am sure that there will not be many people who would say that it is ok to abuse. 2) How do some norms become official or legal? Harming a child is wrong and when hearing about these inhumane acts of violence against children we may be urged to do something about it, but if we are being real with ourselves, on our own; without economic or political power it would be difficult to put forth and solidify our beliefs into laws. Although with this issue there are many people with power who share the beliefs of our society. Such as Green MP Sue Bradfords; the anti smacking law was passed in 2007(NZ Herald: 2007). Since she had political power, with the support of the community the bill was passed. Three years have passed an d a new law will be passed that will see those people who turn a blind eye to child abuse prosecuted (DominionPost: 2011). This will be a positive thing as many cases of child abuse drag on for months as the people involved; who could have very well saved the Childs life have been to afraid or not bothered to report the abuse happening. Why are some norms more important than others? Does visibility make a difference? And can there be deviance without breaking social norms? As said in the book straying from these social norms can lead to deviance over a period of time. The example given is that of a soft drug user over time leads to hard drug use. This approach can be put into context with child abuse. Child abuse may be as obvious as bruises or as subtle as a parent neglecting their child. There can never be a good reason for child abuse to occur; but there definitely is a reason behind it .The straying could be the perpetrator; an adult being a parent, relative or friend showing their anger, due to various causes (e.g. stress in the home, work etc) through minor outburst such as yelling at the child or accidentally slapping them over time letting it get out of control and making it a regular occurrence of more severe abuse. Interactionist theory of deviance argues that deviant behaviour is learned. As is other behaviours. Just as deviance is socially constructed; Child abuse is considered as sociological fact as it is not an innate behavioral pattern for human beings to follow. It is mostly a learned behavior usually from interactions with the parents of the abusers. Sociology is the study of society, or to be more precise it is about group interactions within society. We are all part of groups such as school, cultural ethnic groups. One of the first groups that we interact with is with our families. This is where we learn much of what influences us as adults, and if abuse is what is learned as a child, it is most likely to be performed when the abused children grow up.The oxford dictionary of Sociology defines Child abuse as referring to: The maltreatment or injury of a child by an adult or adults. Such abuse can be physical, emotional, sexual, or a combination of all three. It might be perpetrated by one person or by several, within a family or outside it, and in public or in private. (Oxford: 2011) Over the years what may have been seen as an act of firm punishment is now; being discovered as a form of deviance. In the chapter Straying: Deviance in Being Sociological, Michael Lloyd makes it clear that norms are a key attribute when defining Deviance. The deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label (Becker, 1963, p9).Behaviors that are considered deviant are highly biased.Crime/deviance is defined by those in power. In context in the Kahui child abuse case where the father of the twins was wrongly accused for months over the killing of his twin babies. A stigma was formed which led people to think badly of him. And because of this label it seemed to the public that he was the abuser and that he had done it. Instead of him fighting for his right, because so many people were already against him due to this label, there was nothing he could do about it as a majority of people would not believe him. Until it was found that it was actually the babys mother who was the abuser then was this stigma lifted, and peoples view towards him changed. The damage would have still been there today and will take a while for him to socially construct himself again. Another form of social construction can be seen in Georges Canguilhems analysis of normality. Ian Hackings looping effect links on to the labelling theory as stated in his example person A does not want to be person H. if others think of a person as someone they are not(false accusation, stereotyping) That person will change their behaviours because they are aware of what others are saying about them. For example the deviant; the person doing the child abuse. Or the abuser that becomes out of the child that has been abused, may because of the stereotype of there being previous abuse in their household they may or may not want to live up to that labelling .But because of what others are saying they will get treated like the deviant whether they like it or not creating a looping effect. Harold Garfinkels documentary of identification method revealed that the jury he was studying the jurors came up with the outcome then filled in the reasons. These theories show that deviants are socially constructed through social interactions; the way people are treated influence how they act . And without deviance there would be no social change (Lloyd: 2007) The authors main purpose to introduce the complexity of the relationship between straying and how over time can lead to deviance was supported by including the viewpoints, theories and ideas of different people. Lloyd did not make many assumptions apart from assuming that the reader knew the meaning of straying; saying that it is a term used in everyday talk so we can do without a definition'(Lloyd,2007,p317-318). Through this text Michael Lloyd could be seen as being biased towards deviance being a social fact in society. He addresses the five questions surrounding norms which Sharyn Roach Anleu summarised following Emile Durkheims theory of norms being a social fact. These questions prove that deviance is an area of sociology that is full of debate and competing theories (Lloyd, 2007, p319). By including this and a commentator Colin Sumners claim that, the field reached a dead -end by the late 1970s Lloyd has saved himself from being completely biased by taking into account differe nt viewpoints of the topic. The sociological theories; Beckers labelling theory, Ian Hackings looping effect theory of human kind Harold Garfinkels identification of the documentary method of interpretation and ideas from this chapter help to understand and explain what is happening in the very serious social issue of child abuse in New Zealand.

Size Does Matter :: Personal Narrative Shoes Shopping Papers

Size Does Matter â€Å"Back to School Extravaganza!!† â€Å"Store-Wide Clearance Sale: Buy 2 Pairs of Shoes and Get the third pair Half –Off!† Every inch of the walls inside the mall were plastered with a vast array of dazzling lights and colorful propaganda. It seemed as if I was going to suddenly be attacked by fearsome mannequins, who stood idly like a platoon of glaring soldiers, anticipating their command to strike. The congested food court had an aroma of boiling flesh, pungent enough to tickle the deepest hairs of my nostrils. With each step I took, I was met with an explosion of soul shivering sounds from the speakers, and flashy formed fonts that struck me at every glimpse of the banners. I was on a mission, and was forced to disregard all of the feeble advertising attempts that came my way. My objective was to finally acquire the legendary shoe that had eluded me many times before. As I marched on through the halls, I was distracted by an intense glow. Before long, I found myself gradually progressing toward the mystifying light. There it was, basking in its splendid wonder on an unreachable pedestal, a modern day Holy Grail. My thoughts were abruptly interrupted. â€Å"Welcome to Footaction. How may I help you?† I was instantly confronted by the typical, cheerful greeting I received upon entering any shoe establishment. â€Å"Yes I am looking for one shoe in particular,† I responded. â€Å"I need some brand new, fresh white Air Forces, about an eleven and a half to twelve.† â€Å"That is big, you know what they say about guys with big feet?... Yeah, they have big shoes! I’ll go see what we have available, and I’ll be right back,† she mumbled with a wide grin that grazed both corners of her bright red cheeks. Then she was off on the challenging quest at hand. As she disappeared momentarily, I held on to what little hope I had left of attaining those shoes. For so long they had narrowly escaped my eager, extended grasp. I was tired of wandering on journeys from store to store, just to end up in the â€Å"Land of ‘D’s:† Disappointment, Disdain, Distress, and Despair, with many other familiar pessimistic pedestrians along the way. A pale, white cloud began to materialize over my head, as my thoughts ran rampant. I envisioned myself roaming around, floating into space, traveling with my newly attained white gems.

Essay --

1) Identify synthesis methods that are used to make the nanomaterials for your application (1 separate synthesis method per team member). Briefly describe how each synthesis method works, and classify each as top-down or bottom-up. For drug delivery, numerous processes exist that incorporate nanotechnology. A very common procedure for promoting drug delivery, is through the use of nanoparticles. This allows for a controlled drug release. By using nanoparticle technology, drugs can be placed inside a vehicle which helps decrease the rate at which said drug will metabolize. Targeted drug delivery is also possible, due to specific nanoparticles releasing the drug once it reaches its destination. This reduces total drugs needed as well as the side effects, due to a more efficient transporting mechanism. Lowering the costs is another benefit as well. Anything smaller than 100 nm is considered a nanoparticle. Four common nanoparticles used are silica (SiO2), gold (Au), magnetite (Fe3O4), and quantum dots. Silica nanoparticles are very inert so they can be used with very reactive drugs. Due to the nature of the shape, size, and arrangement of these nanoparticles, they can bypass the RES (reticuloendothelial system). The drugs will then not be recognized as foreign and can thus be delivered to their target with minimal issue. Silica nanoparticles can also be mesoporous, which has pore sizes of 2-50 nm.2They can have a unique arrangement with a core shell architecture which allows a nanoparticle to have two different properties due to the different materials. Due to these pores, drug loading ability can be customized. Another trendy nanoparticle is gold. They are used due to their special photo thermal effect; one can send in light a... ...um. Nanosphere lithography is the second best because it is used when polymers cannot be accessed. Metals are made as spheres but shapes are limited by the crystal group chosen as the glass substrate material. Sol-gel has tons of potential but it can only make hydrophobic materials. Microfluidization is easily the worst because it is way too expensive for such low yield. Research is being done to optimize this. All of these drug delivery synthesis methods can be performed fairly quickly and are currently being used commercially, with various levels of popularity. Radical polymerization also has the largest range of crystal properties possibilities, being able to be hydrophilic or hydrophobic. This is very unique, especially when considering it being used as a drug vehicle. Being hydrophilic can allow hydrophobic drugs to enter the body for extended amounts of time.

Tommys Day :: essays research papers

U.S., Kuwait ask why bombing went terribly wrong WASHINGTON-- A team of Kuwaiti and U.S. investigators sorted through evidence on Tuesday trying to learn how and why a U.S. Navy jet dropped a 500-pound bomb near observers at a training range, killing six of them. The F/A-18 Hornet was taking part in a twice-yearly training flight on Monday when the accident happened. The training flights have been a regularly scheduled part of the Persian Gulf area military experience for 10 years -- since a multinational force repelled an Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and pledged to keep the tiny oil-rich nation safe in the aftermath. But on Monday, something went wrong. A Navy pilot practicing "close air support" for ground troops suddenly dropped live ordnance near an observation area, according to the U.S. Central Command. The blast killed five Americans and a New Zealander, 27-year-old acting Maj. John McNutt. The names of the five Americans killed have not been released. Five other Americans and two Kuwaitis were injured. Two of the injured have already been released, and some of the injured Americans were evacuated to a U.S. airbase in Germany. Central Command appointed an investigation board to arrive later this week in Kuwait, where U.S. and Kuwaiti officials were already trying to learn whether the error that led to the accident came about in the air -- the pilot's mistake -- or somewhere on the ground, either from faulty direction for air traffic controllers or a tragic miscommunication that put the observers in the line of fire. "We will work hard to take care of the families involved, and to find out how such an accident could occur," U.S. Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld said in a statement. 'It shouldn't happen' Meanwhile, New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark pressed for answers into the death of her country's soldier. "We don't, in the normal course of events, expect to have people come home in body bags," she said. "It's a terrible tragedy and ... we are now looking for an urgent, detailed explanation as to how such a training exercise can go so terribly wrong," said New Zealand Defense Minister Mark Burton. "This was a live bomb basically dropped on observers. It shouldn't happen and we all need to know precisely what went wrong." Kuwaiti defense chief of staff Lt. Gen. Ali al-Muaman apologized for the incident, pledged a thorough investigation, and said that the accident would not stop further joint military exercises in the region. U.S. President George W. Bush, speaking in Florida, also offered condolences and led a moment of silence before a speech promoting his tax cut. Second Navy accident in a month

Contraceptives in School Essay

During the past decade, there have been stark generational differences in terms of moral and social norms. In order to accommodate for these changes, society has had to make difficult decisions regarding the protection of todays youth. One of the biggest controversies that have been ongoing deals with the gray area regarding the roles of educators and parents. School systems today are distributing condoms and contraceptives to students as young as 11 years old with the intention of preventing their students from suffering from the negative side effects of sex. From an ducator’s perspective, the distribution of condoms has become a necessity due to the overwhelming lack of morals instilled in the youth at the fault of their parents. They also argue that it encourages safety and that it is completely foolish to assume that abstinence is always practiced. On the contrary, conservatives will argue that condoms promote sex and their distribution will show minors that sex at a young age is socially acceptable. Conservatives’ opinions are naive because they blatantly condone the fact that standards and practices have changed dramatically over time. The rising issue of under aged sex has made the distribution of condoms a necessity in order to combat the negative ramifications of the decisions made by todays uneducated youth. A misconception that is widely believed is that passing out condoms in schools will influence or pressure teens to have sex. According to Dr. Kevin J. Minch, if young people believe they will be â€Å"safe† when using a condom they are much less likely to be deterred from engaging in dangerous and immoral behavior (Minch). The conservatives believe that with the introduction of condoms at an early age, this would lead to the unnecessary exposure of the youth to a concept hat should only be tackled by legal adults. It allows them to stray into the obscure world they are not yet ready for. Widespread condom distribution will establish sexual activity as the norm among young teens, creating peer pressure to participate in sex. The added temptation to engage in sexual activity is â€Å"protected† will result in more women having sex at a younger age, perhaps furthering their exploitation. Minch) Sex is a topic that should be addressed at the discretion of each parent and the fact is that educators are slowly taking over the responsibilities of the parent. The opposition would argue that parents of every ethnicity and background have spent years of their life attempting to instill solid morals and values to their children. It is understandable how a parent would feel for a high school teacher to pass out condoms to students at such a young age. Education systems are making the decision on what they think is best for the child rather than having the parents deciding the verdict on this issue. It is said that teenagers who have a good relationship with their parents are less likely to experience a pregnancy and the harsh consequences from unprotected sex. Good communication between parents nd children helps ensure that children make the right decisions when it comes to their sexual activity. However, as seen by the statistics, the amount of parental involvement in the lives of teens today is limited. Educators are simply picking up the slack since some parents do not educate their children on the simple right and wrongs like previous generations were taught. In addition to educators programs that educate our youth and that taxpayers should not fund these programs. â€Å"Is it really the responsibility of hardworking taxpayers to pay for the use of protection for irresponsible teens? I certainly do not think so† (Cook). Educators do not need to sanction the idea of a sexually active lifestyle; however they should hearten all young teenagers to make Judicious decisions when it comes to being sexually active. In this case, schools provide their sex-education classes and many prefer it stayed Just that, that it is not fit to provide a basket of condoms upon the exiting of a classroom. What the conservatives fail to do is look at the logical perspective and to take into account the statistics and reality of todays youth. What needs to be widely noticed is that the United States has the highest rates of teen pregnancy and births. It is fact that that the teen pregnancies in our nation cost the United States at least 7 billion dollars each year. For the fiscal year of 2006 the federal government spent over 38 billion dollars to support families that began with a birth from a teenage mother. Nearly eight billion dollars is spent each year to diagnose and treat sexually transmitted diseases. Either the money paid towards taxes can contribute to pregnancies and their after effects, or the money can be well Prevention is much more important when all the facts are spent on prevention. displayed. Every year, around 750,000 teenagers will get pregnant. As a result, more than two thirds of teenagers who give birth will drop out of school, thus leading to an uneducated and difficult future. Teenage mothers and their children are more likely than others to be placed in the poverty bracket; therefore billions of dollars are spent taking care of them. Teen pregnancies are seen as a disadvantage in todays society due to the fact that many children born to teenage mothers tend to have a low birth rate. In addition to this, children born to teenage mothers are said to do poorly in school as they age and are more suceptible to abuse and neglect. The ruth is that the Centers of Disease Control reports nineteen million new STDs each year and approximately half of these reports are from our youth. One in four sexually active teenagers become infected with a sexually transmitted disease every year, which includes but is not limited to Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Genital Warts, and Herpes. (The Alan Guttmacher Institute). Another mind wrenching fact coming from the American Social Health Association is that of nine million new STD cases in the year 2000, ninety percent was accounted for by HIV and HPV (Human Papillomavirus) in ages fifteen to twenty-four years of age. Chesson HW, Blandford JM, Gift TL, Tao G, Irwin KL. According to an educator working out of a New York City public high school, the idea of distributing condoms has her approval. â€Å"If I could, I would give out condoms in my classroom. I think we should make it as easy as possible for teens to access condoms. † This statement could cause an upheaval of opinion, but this teacher is looking out for the welfare of her students. High school students’ main focus should be education, goal setting, and discover ing their own individuality. These teenagers should live an energetic and active life without worrying about remarital sex. Even though this is true, it has been proven that over 50% of teenagers have had sexual intercourse before graduating High School. So what is to come of this? Considering a high percentage of high school students are in fact having sex, there are outstanding statistics proving many STDs and teenage with the prevention classes and protection. When students are provided with condoms, it at least gives them the opportunity to be responsible with such an irresponsible act. Condoms are proven not to be 100% effective protecting against pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. However they have and will cut the odds by a landslide. Their distribution could have a significant impact on many lives by protecting them from diseases and unforeseen pregnancies that can end a young mother’s future. The best defense against STD’s and under aged pregnancies is simply knowledge and protection. Frequently, parents are too embarrassed to approach their child about any type of sexual activity. For this reason students are left uniformed and in harms way. A catastrophe will take place if sex education and protection are taken away from the students today. Parents need to be active and not permit sexual activity and disregard its existence. Often our society does not recognize these situations. Regardless of the parents’ opinions of moral and religious rights, someone has to protect the youth considering abstinence is not a sure avenue for these children. This is why our education systems have, and need to continue doing so, taken a step forth to protect our nation’s future.

Gender roles in language acquisition Essay

We reprimand our daughters for being â€Å"bossy† and praise our son’s for showing such assertiveness. These were the sentiments expressed during Sheryl Sandburg book promotion tour in early 2013. Mrs Sandberg is largely accepted as one of the most successful female businessperson in modern society. During her many lectures and academic interviews she essentially cited her success as the result of ‘going against the gender norm’ for women. Although specifically referring to the business world, does Sheryl have a point? Are we reinforcing gender roles in the words we promote and discourage our children to use? It is largely accepted across both linguistic and psychology fields that girls develop their language skill in: understands, quantity, quality and range of vocabulary acquired at an earlier age and faster rate than their male counterparts. A very recent study by Rikard Bauman in 2010 (Stockholm University Press) explored vocabulary growth and language production in pre-school children. It is suggested that at 22 months girls have a more extensive vocabulary than boys due to capacity differences; however, at 34 months such a pattern cannot be found. Furthermore it is suggested that gender affects language production in the sense that male and female speakers will prefer to produce words that are associated with their culture’s definition of masculinity and femininity. The study on vocabulary growth is based on the assumption that TTR (type/token ratio) reflects vocabulary size and it proves that, at 22 months, girls have a more extensive vocabulary than boys; however, at 34 months such a pattern is less obvious, if any conclusion can be drawn it is that boys have a slightly larger vocabulary than girls. The study on language production is focused on verb production and it shows that boys and girls prefer verbs that are associated with common stereotypes of masculinity and femininity. It seems that these gender distinctions are not unique to the English language or the Western world as †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Found when examining the Japanese language. according to Eleanor Harz Jorden, when learning language in Japan children learn that there are some words and some grammatical constructions that are associated explicitly with men or boys, while others are associated with women or girls. Such differences are sometimes called â€Å"gendered language.† In Japanese, speech patterns associated with women are referred to as onna kotoba (â€Å"women’s words†) or joseigo , â€Å"women’s language†). In general, the words and speech patterns associated with men are seen as rough, vulgar, or abrupt, while those associated with women are considered more polite, more deferential, or â€Å"softer†. Some linguists consider the rough/soft continuum more accurate than the male/female continuum. For example, Eleanor Harz Jorden in Japanese: The Spoken Language refers to the styles as blunt/gentle, rather than male/female. There are no gender differences in written Japanese (except in quoted speech), and almost no differences in polite speech (teineigo), since males take on â€Å"softer† speech, except for the fact that women may be more likely to use polite speech in the first place. The word onnarashii , which is usually translated as â€Å"ladylike† or â€Å"feminine,† refers to the behaviour expected of a typical Japanese woman. As well as behaving in particular ways, being onnarashii means conforming to particular styles of speech. Some of the features of women’s speech include speaking in a higher register, using more polite forms and using polite speech or honorifics in more situations, and referring to themselves and those they address more formally. Some linguistic features commonly associated with women include omission of the copula da, the use of personal pronouns such as watashi or atashi among others, use of feminine sentence-final particles such as wa, na no, kashira, and mashoo, and the more frequent use of the honorific prefixes o and go. According to Katsue Akiba Reynolds, ladylike speech is instrumental in keeping Japanese women in traditional roles and reflects Japanese society’s concept of the difference between women and men.[4] For example, there is the potential for conflict for women in the workplace in that, to be onnarashii, a woman must speak politely, submissively and humbly, yet to command respect as a superior, she must be assertive, self-assured, and direct, even when dealing with male subordinates. Actual language used by Japanese-speaking women differs from these ideals. Such onnarashii speech is a norm that institutions such as education and media encourage women to adopt. Similarly, these forms may be prescribed for women learners by Japanese textbooks and other materials. There are, however various deviations from these norms in conversation. Although Japanese women may not follow the gender norm in speech, some linguistic studies indicate that Japanese women tend to use more honorific language than men do, which reinforces the idea of onnarashii and traditional gender roles.[5] Traditional characteristics of Japanese men’s speech [edit] Just as there are modes of speaking and behaviour that are considered intrinsically feminine, there are also those that are considered intrinsically masculine. In speech, being otokorashii (â€Å"manly† or â€Å"masculine†) means speaking in a lower register, using fewer polite forms and using them in fewer situations, and using intrinsically masculine words. Research on Japanese men’s speech shows greater use of â€Å"neutral† forms, forms not strongly associated with masculine or feminine speech, than is seen in Japanese women’s speech. Scholars argue that men use typically masculine forms to â€Å"assert their own authority and knowledge of themselves†. Some studies of conversation between Japanese men and women show neither gender taking a more dominant position in interaction. Men, however, tend to show a â€Å"self-oriented conversation style†, telling stories and expressing their expertise on topics being discussed, than is typical of women in these studies. Gender differences in modern society :- As women gain an increasing leadership role in Japanese society, notions of onnarashisa and otokorashisa, that is, what is deemed appropriate behaviour for men and women, have evolved over time. Although comparatively more extreme movements call for the elimination of gender differences in the Japanese language (gender-neutral language), convergence in usage is considered unlikely and may not even be desirable. Instead, trends in actual usage indicate that women are feeling more comfortable using traditional characteristics of female speech (such as wa) while still maintaining an assertive attitude on par with men. In other words, there is a gradual decoupling of language forms and traditional cultural expectations. Although the characteristics of Japanese male speech have been largely unaffected, there has been an increasing sensitivity regarding certain usages (such as changing the terms used to refer to mature women -chan) that may be considered offensive. Regional dialect may often play a role in the expression and perception masculinity or femininity of speech in Japanese. Another recent phenomenon influencing established femininity in speech is the popularity of Okama, very feminine men as popular Geinoujin (television personalities). While homosexuality and transgenderism is still a fairly taboo subject in Japan, lesbians with male traits, or cross-dressers, are referred to as onabe or tachi. Problems for Japanese learners [edit] Without the proper instruction by fluent Japanese speakers and/or teachers, non-native persons risk learning and expressing themselves inappropriately to native Japanese. Compounding the difficulty of language acquisition, formal instruction may emphasise learning the polite forms of expression (that favour female students) while glossing over informal expression (that favour male students) and honorifics (distinguishes natives from foreigners). It is important for non-natives to be instructed by members of the same sex or be aware that mere mimicry may not have the expected results. In addition to the use of pronouns to refer to oneself and others, the use of titles also is strongly influenced by gender-based overtones and is another source of potential problems for the non-native speaker. The situation is further complicated by regional variation. For example, in many regions of Japan it is common for older men to refer to themselves as boku or older women to refer to themselves as ore. How does this relate to language spoken in the Western world? Opinion is, as is often the case, divided. AGAINST 1) other major influences Mahsa Saligheh ‘Revisiting Age and GenderInfluence in Second Language Acquisition’ 2012 states, † There is no doubt that language acquisition process is a complex process which involves several factors, and that this process is highly influenced due to plasticity of the brain. Furthermore, the types of memory systems involved in females and males are also have a pivotal role that makes the genders distinct. The researchers claim, age and gender, are among the factors that run in parallel with other factors that deeply influence language acquisition process such as motivation, personality, styles, strategies, gender and age. The present study attempts to investigate the last two factors: age and gender. Given the importance placed on the role on age and gender, the researchers hold they are not the necessary conditions for second language acquisition. However, the writers claim that genetically there are some benefits that can be reaped for those who begin L2 acquisition early. Furthermore, both males and females are equipped with some predetermined tendencies that would be helpful for them to acquire some aspects of language much faster and easier. 2) biological basis Mar. 5, 2008 — Although researchers have long agreed that girls have superior language abilities than boys, until now no one has clearly provided a biological basis that may account for their differences. For the first time — and in unambiguous findings — researchers from Northwestern University and the University of Haifa show both that, areas of the brain associated with language work harder in girls than in boys during language tasks, and that boys and girls rely on different parts of the brain when performing these tasks. â€Å"Our findings which suggest that language processing is more sensory in boys and more abstract in girls could have major implications for teaching children and even provide support for advocates of single sex classrooms,† said Douglas D. Burman, research associate in Northwestern’s Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences The researchers measured brain activity (using functional magnetic resonance imaging) in 31 boys and in 31 girls aged 9 to 15 as they performed spelling and writing language tasks. The tasks were delivered in two sensory modalities – visual and auditory. When visually presented, the children read certain words without hearing them. Presented in an auditory mode, they heard words aloud but did not see them. Using a complex statistical model, Burman and Pepper accounted for differences associated with age, gender, type of linguistic judgment, performance accuracy and the method (written or spoken) in which words were presented. The researchers found that girls still showed significantly greater activation in language areas of the brain than boys. The information in the tasks got through to girls’ language areas of the brain (areas associated with abstract thinking through language). And their performance accuracy correlated with the degree of activation in some of these language areas. To their astonishment, however, this was not the case for boys. Boys’ accurate performance when reading words depended on how hard visual areas of the brain worked. In hearing words, boys’ performance depended on how hard auditory areas of the brain worked. If that pattern extends to language processing that occurs in the classroom, it could inform teaching and testing methods. Given boys’ sensory approach, boys might be more effectively evaluated on knowledge gained from lectures via oral tests and on knowledge gained by reading via written tests. For girls, whose language processing appears more abstract in approach, these different testing methods would appear unnecessary. â€Å"One possibility is that boys have some kind of bottleneck in their sensory processes that can hold up visual or auditory information and keep it from being fed into the language areas of the brain,† Burman said. This could result simply from girls developing faster than boys, in which case the differences between the sexes might disappear by adulthood. Or, an alternative explanation is that boys create visual and auditory associations such that meanings associated with a word are brought to mind simply from seeing or hearing the word. While the second explanation puts males at a disadvantage in more abstract language function, those kinds of sensory associations may have provided an evolutionary advantage for primitive men whose survival required them to quickly recognise danger-associated sights and sounds. If the pattern of females relying on an abstract language network and of males relying on sensory areas of the brain extends into adulthood (a still unresolved question) it could explain why women often provide more context and abstract representation than men. Ask a woman for directions and you may hear something like: â€Å"Turn left on Main Street, go one block past the drug store, and then turn right, where there’s a flower shop on one corner and a cafe across the street.† Such information-laden directions may be helpful for women because all information is relevant to the abstract concept of where to turn; however, men may require only one cue and be distracted by additional information. Conclusion Alongside most if not all empirical and theoretical evidence involving human beings it is impossible to make concrete and definite conclusions. Having extrapolated the information the most obvious conclusion can only deduce Is this only evident in childhood, does the distinction disappear by adulthood or was Sandberg right in stating that the division in language between the sexes continues through life. References Burman is primary author of â€Å"Sex Differences in Neural Processing of Language Among Children.† Co-authored by James R. Booth (Northwestern University) and Tali Bitan (University of Haifa). Jorden, Eleanor Harz; Noda, Mari (1987). Japanese: The Spoken Language. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03834-7. Siegal, Meryl; Okamoto, Shigeko (2003). â€Å"Toward reconceptualizing the teaching and learning of gendered speech styles in Japanese as a Foreign Language†. Japanese Language and Literature 37 (1): 49–66. Retrieved 2013-4-26. Kazuko, Ashizawa (1998). Mangajin’s Basic Japanese Through Comics. Weatherhill. ISBN 0-8348-0452-2. Reynolds, Katsue Akiba (1990). â€Å"Female Speakers of Japanese in Transition†. Aspects of Japanese Women’s Language (Tokyo: Kurosio). Tanaka, Lidia (2004). Gender, Language and Culture: A Study of Japanese Television Interview Discourse. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3079-9. Sreetharan, Cindi Sturtz (2004). â€Å"Students, sarariiman (pl.), and seniors: Japanese men’s use of †²manly†² speech register†. Language in Society 33 (01). doi:10.1017/S0047404504031045. ISSN 0047-4045. ^ Itakura, Hiroko; Tsui, Amy B. M. (2004). â€Å"Gender and conversational dominance in Japanese conversation†. Language in Society 33 (02). doi:10.1017/S0047404504332033. ISSN 0047-4045.

Outline and Evaluate Infradian Rhythms Including Research Essay

Infradian rhythms are biological rhythms that last for more than 24 hours. They are controlled by the hypothalamus, an endogenous pacemaker which requires input from exogenous zeitgebers so the rhythm can run correctly. An example of an infradian rhythms is the mentstrual cycle. This is controlled by the pituary gland which is an endogenous pacemaker. The pituary gland releases hormones which cause an egg in the ovaries to ripen and produce oestrogen. Whilst it is known to be biological due to its universal nature, there are large individual differences such as the length of time and the age the menstrual cycle begins. Reinberg conducted research into infradian rhythms where a woman spent 3 months in a cave only with dim lighting. Her sleep/wake cycle slightly lengthened whereas her menstrual cycle shortened suggesting that light affects menstrual cycles. However, this is a case study which means it lacks generalisability even more so as there are large individual differences with the menstrual cycle. On the other hand, Russell et al applied female donor’s underarm sweat which has been combined with alcohol to the upper lips of female participants. The menstrual cycles of the participants began to synchronises therefore suggesting that pheromones act as exogenous zeitgebers. Pheromones are biological substances similar to hormones but are secreted into the air and then transmitted to other animals of the same species, or in this case humans, before being absorbed into their bloodstream. However, despite the sample size being small it was a well controlled single blind study meaning that the participants didn’t know what experimental group they were in. McClinock and Stern provided further support for the study when they found pheromones in donor’s sweat affected the recipient’s menstrual cycles, therefore suggesting that exogenous zeitgebers have a regulating effect. It may be the cases the synchronised periods have an evolutionary significance because it allows women that are living together to synchronise pregnancies so they can share child care. However, it has also been found that women working in proximity to men have shorter cycles; an evolutionary advantage which provides more opportunity for pregnancy. Likewise, the purpose of a menstrual cycle is to conserve energy. Therefore it is better to restrict periods of fertility, highlighting the need for endogenous control. On the other hand there are ‘side effects’ of the menstrual cycle such as pre menstrual tension which has been associate with increased aggression. Lewis found that pre menstrual tensions has been cited as a defence in criminal trials. A second infradian rhythm is Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). It involves having severe depression in the winter months. Levels of melatonin are higher in winter and may lead to increased depression and sleepiness. However, it has led to a treatment called phototherapy which is being exposed to bright lights for several hours a day in order to reduced the effect of too much serotonin. This in turn, lowers melatonin levels. Hamster research again has provided us with more knowledge of infradian rhythms. Male hamsters have annual rhythms of testosterone secretion based on the amount of light that occurs each day. As the breeding season begins, the days lengthen thus when it ends, they shorten. Rusak and Zucker made lesions in the SCN, the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, part of the hypothalamus in a hamster which destroyed their annual breeding cycles and led to male hamsters secreting testosterone all year. The 24 hour clock that daily light levels were measured against was destroyed so the seasons couldn’t be determined. Carlson found that if it was less than 12 hours of light for hamsters, it is winter where if it more than 12 hours it is summer, and therefore the breeding season. However, the research was invasive and led to brain damage, meaning it caused harm to the hamster. As it has also been conducted on animals, it cannot be generalised because it lacks population validity despite being informative. Circa-annual rhythms which means they happen once a year are also examples of infradian rhythms. When studying migration, Gwinner kept wild birds in cages exposing them to 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness. This lack of external stimuli led to migratory restlessness thus suggesting there is endogenous control. However, it may be triggered by the availability of food, an exogenous cue. As the wild birds were kept in cages, they also experienced harm because they were not in their natural setting either. Pengelly and Fisher conducted research into hibernation. Similar to Gwinner, they controlled squirrels artificially by exposing them to light 12 hours a day followed by 12 hours of darkness, keeping the temperature at 0 degrees. The squirrels hibernated from October to April. However, as the animals were not in their natural habitat, the studies lacked ecological validity because it was artificial. The research findings are positive as they have established the existence of endogenous pacemakers regulated by exogenous zeitgebers. However, to an extent the findings are deterministic because we need exogenous zeitebers to help our endogenous pacemakers as it has been found in studies by Siffre and Aschoff and Weber that without external cues, our biological rhythms are slower than what they need to be. In addition, some of the research is idiographic because they are small samples and or case studies meaning they lack population validity.

Porter’s 5 Forces of Age Advantage

1. Bargaining power of supplier – HIGH As it has been mentioned before in the external analysis, staffing difficulties is one of the issues threatening the aged care service company. The issue of labor shortages then limits the ability of Age Advantage to recruit key people and add up the bargaining power of suppliers who provide workers for aged care service. As labor costs represent the largest fixed costs for aged care service providers, this can be considered as a threat for the business. 2. Bargaining power of buyer – MEDIUMBased on our research, there is a fair level of choice and options regarding age care service providers in Malaysia resulting in medium level of bargaining power of buyer. However, it is assumed not to be a significant problem for Age Advantage. As with our unique age in place service, we believe that we have a higher degree of competitive advantage compared to other aged care service providers existing in Malaysia. 3. Threat of substitutes â₠¬â€œ LOW The threat of the development of robotics for assisting with health care and aged care can be said as embryonic at the moment as it faces cost and price barriers as well as low social acceptance.Also, the existence of aged home can be said as not hazardous with the trend of ageing people preferring to receive service at home rather than residing in aged care facilities. Hence, the threat of substitutes for this business can be considered as low. 4. Threat of new entrants – LOW The low threat of new entrants is a result of high start-up costs for this kind of business as well as the length of the franchise agreement which could reach up to 10 years as people tend to avoid this kind of too-long-term contract.Besides, adequate training and well-trained labor force is essential for aged care service as this business deals with the life of people. Not forgetting as well the requirement of license approval from the government in order to enter the aged care service industr y. As a result, it results in a high degree of entry barriers causing a low degree of threat of new entrants. 5. Intensity of rivalry – LOW As it has been stated previously, there is only a fair level of choice and options regarding aged care service providers in Malaysia.Derived from the research we have done, age in place service is still rare in Malaysia as most aged care facilities have not provided a service of aged care at clients’ own homes. With the competitive advantage we own, it is believed that intensity of rivalry surrounding our business is low as the kind of service we provide is still considered one of a kind in Malaysia. 6. Complementary product We also add up a complementary product like insurance that when released pays the cost of aged care. Therefore, the insurer and their products become the complementor and the consumer gains additional value.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION TO THE MULTINATIONAL Essay

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION TO THE MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION - Essay Example Josephine Bromme (2010) takes globalization to another level by relating to it as a compression of the social society. He suggests that globalization is the expansion of a company’s offering to other parts of the world and it takes international strategies for companies to expand their business at global level. Jorn Kleinert (2004) proposes that globalization has opened up a gateway for companies to flourish both on home and host countries. This has also helped society develop on cultural terms because when a product of one country is introduced to another country, distances and stereotypes are reduced and people become more open to acceptance. Globalization has helped multinational companies tap resources in host countries which have been unknown to the general society. Moreover, it has helped people fight in terms of competencies and skills in order to fulfill the standards set up by the multinational giants. Also it has made society a better off place. Globalization provide s an excellent outsourcing opportunity for multinational companies. When multinational companies make the most of the phenomena of globalization, they improve the economic, social, welfare and political condition of the countries where they invest. Research Method Sekaran, U. (2000) proposed primary research and secondary research as the most common and authentic methods of carrying out research. As mentioned in earlier sections of this research proposal, the purpose is to investigate how globalization has made it easy multinational companies to expand business and exploit resources. In order to do so, Coca Cola has been selected because this is one of the many trusted companies. Also it is one of the oldest multinational companies which has gained topmost image in the world of food and beverage business. For the purpose of carrying out this research, data is required from the internal as well as external customers of Coca Cola so that authentic results are obtained. I will be colle cting primary data from the employees as well as the customers of Coca Cola in the form of questionnaire. The questionnaire will be based on certain number of closed ended` questions which will be aimed at globalization and multinational companies’ relationship. It will be distributed to random customers at shopping marts and employees at various levels in the company. The sample size will be two hundred approximately because the more is the sample size of any research, more are the chances that the results obtained will be close to the term authentic because whenever researched through questionnaires is being conducted, large sample is gathered; a sufficient margin should be left for those respondents who fail to provide accurate information. It will not be difficult to gather data from customers present in marts because there are plenty of them and if not many, few will definitely show willingness to respond. The employees will be busy so it would take sometimes to get an a ppointment from them. After collecting the data, it

'In the appellate court of last resort a balance must be struck Essay

'In the appellate court of last resort a balance must be struck between the need on one side for the legal certainty resulting - Essay Example It has generally been observed that the pragmatic value of precedent gains prominence, whereas its justice seeking aspect tends to be overlooked. As such, precedent is the intersection between law and justice.2 In England and Australia, the highest courts tend to regard the decisions of their lower but superior courts as being highly persuasive. For instance, the highest court of Australia, namely the High Court of Australia accords considerable importance to the rulings made by the Supreme Courts of the various states. Precedent in its narrow sense, or the doctrine of stare decisis, denotes that the courts of appeal, in the normal course, consider themselves bound by their own rulings. 3 An important illustration of this is provided by the stance of the House of Lords till the year 1966. Prior to that year, their Lordships had considered their previous decisions to be sacrosanct, and had stated that they would not overrule them. This has changed, and the highest courts of Australia and the UK have now adopted the view that they would decide contrary to their previous rulings, provided there was a very strong reason for such departure. 4 Despite the promotion of certainty and consistency by the doctrine of precedent, it does suffer from some drawbacks. ... Even if the statements made in previous cases are clear, there could be confusion as to whether that statement had been a component of the ratio decidendi of that case.5 This makes it difficult to decide whether it had been binding or was just obiter dicta. Another major issue is the following. In Australia, appellate cases are usually heard by three judges in the Supreme Courts of the states. The corresponding number of judges is five in the High Court. It has been frequently observed that these judges will generally provide individual judgements. The result is several sets of legal reasons. Moreover, it is common for each judge to express opinions that differ from the other judges hearing the case. Such differences could have a critical impact upon subsequent cases. Consequently, it becomes very difficult to identify what is binding.6 Although it seems that the doctrine of precedent could hinder change and development in the law, this is only partially true. The development and cha nge in law is a continuous process, which is on the whole unspectacular. Precedent is not interpreted in a mechanical manner, and the extant law tends to be subjected to a continuous process of analysis and reinterpretation. Past events are reinterpreted by each generation, and this changes history. Similarly, the extant law undergoes continuous reinterpretation and is comprehended afresh.7 Thus, whenever, a superior court judge examines a disputed legal point and there is a reporting of the decision taken by the judge, a certain amount of change transpires in the totality of the common law. In Davis v Johnson,8 the substantive issues considered related to the degree of discretion bestowed upon county courts by section 1 of the Domestic Violence and Matrimonial

Human Resource Management Seminar Diary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resource Management Seminar Diary - Essay Example There were times when I felt that I was not heard or understood by my peers; moreover, I have also sensed that some of them wanted to share even more than what they were contributing though they did not know how. Even in the presented folding activity, I found it hard to follow instructions. I am probably better off when people dictate and verbally communicate instructions to me. I am also highly involved in group activities and I believe that putting up relationships with my peers is important which probably makes me sensitive and even upset when things do not work out in our team. These situations have shown me that communication may come off as easy or difficult depending on the ways with which team members exchange information. From my experience, I can probably say that we receive, understand and express everything in different ways. I do believe that companies should consider the styles exhibited by their employees so they can completely understand each other. This means collaboration and synergy regardless of differences in culture, professional experiences or any other factor that can affect communication. The ability to take hold of the complication involved in communication styles is an effectual way for achieving mastery of self and others. It increases productivity and enables this to be attained smoothly. The style of communicating is key to precise meaning of insights, observations, and ambiguity involved in communicating with others (Saphiere, Mikk, & Devries 2005). When I was younger, I was anxious of the prerequisites of qualifying for a job. I did not like the thought of passing my resumes and going through interviews. However, as I got older and started understanding why these were imperative, I had a better appreciation of the requirements of selecting and recruiting employees. Lectures from the seminar made me even more aware of the reasons and outcomes of a company’s selection and recruitment methods. I have come to

Religion and Spirituality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religion and Spirituality - Essay Example Religiousness can be described as having a personal belief or faith in God and the values levied down by a certain sect or a school of thought, performing activities i.e. rituals that demonstrate alliance to a certain religion (e.g. church memberships or alliances etc), adhering to a belief-based system of life and following God’s will (Zinnbauer et al. 557). On the other hand, a research conducted by Zinnbauer et al. indicated that spirituality is an outcome of a scared experience. Some of the definitions of spirituality include being connected with God or any other form of almighty power, belief in transcendence, integrating certain beliefs into a system of life, demonstrating God’s love to others, focusing on gaining inner stability and personal growth. Other definitions of spirituality are â€Å"an ultimate concern, an integrating or unifying factor within the personality, authenticity, a source of yearning, a meaningful identity and purpose, a union with God. It c an be seen that the definitions of religion mainly surround existence of God. Hence, it accepts the fact that there is a supreme power who has defined certain rules and principles which are meant to be followed if one wishes to have indemnity. These religious morals and values define an institutional system of life in various forms. Taking example of Christianity, there are various sects that have their own set of doctrines which are reflected in their lifestyle as well as in their manner of praying. Hence, religion defines a rather concrete set of beliefs, accepting existence of God and its supremacy giving it an outlook of obligations that one has to follow in order to be associated with a certain religion. On the other hand, spirituality is a matter of choice. It concerns personal experiences and feelings that surround the existence of a superior power. It is important to note that other than accepting presence of God, some may find spirituality in a non-sacred phenomenon as well . The later concept relates to karma or an output of one’s deeds and nature’s responses to them. A critical analysis of these two definitions may indicate that where religion can be a heart less observance of certain principles, spirituality is more about gaining inner peace and inspiration through nature, other humans and different phenomenon of life. Also, where religion can lead to association with different derivative social functions, spirituality can make one opting for isolation in order to find self-actualization and inner stability. 2. Spiritual assessment allows one to be aware of their stimulants that inspire them spiritually. There are various tools that can be used to asses one’s spiritual alliances. One of the most common tools that are used mainly in palliative, elderly and end-of-life care is FICA spiritual assessment tool. FICA stands for faith (or beliefs), importance and influence, community and address (Borneman 2). The tool has been designed to assist physicians and various healthcare professionals to consider spiritual needs of their patients in order to give a holistic treatment and also of themselves while providing services in their respective fields. This tool assesses how one perceives himself to be religious or spiritual (â€Å"FICA Spiritual Assessment Tool† n.p). Also, it defines the things that give meaning to the phenomenon of life and life after death. Second important component of this assessment is how one incorporates such religious or spiritual values into their life and how it influences their behaviour during illness and role of these beliefs in regaining health. Third part of assessment concerns the environment or community

Differentiate between the different types of cryptographic algorithms Essay

Differentiate between the different types of cryptographic algorithms - Essay Example These are secret key cryptography, public key cryptography and hash functions (Schneier, 2007). First, secret key algorithms are also known as symmetric key algorithms. The major feature of symmetric algorithms is the single key for encryption and decryption. This means that, the sender of the information uses a particular key to encrypt the plain text to cipher text sent to the receiver. After receiving information in the form of cipher text, the recipient uses the same key to decrypt the received message (Kessler, 2014). The single key used must be known to both sender and receiver of the message only. Therefore, the message sent is secret and only accessible by either sender or receiver. The second cryptographic algorithms are the public key cryptography. It is also known as asymmetric key cryptography. Public key cryptography involves two related keys although knowledge of one key cannot be used in determining the other key. The sender of the message uses one key to encrypt the plain text while the receiver uses another different key to decrypt the message. The public key can be revealed publicly while only the message owner uses the private key (Kessler, 2014). Lastly, in Hash functions, a computed based hash value of a fixed length is used upon a plain text making it secure and unrecoverable. In most cases, harsh algorithms provide a â€Å"digital fingerprint† of files to ensure that no alteration occur on the file. In addition, hash functions are used to encrypt passwords in many operating systems (Schneier,