Theme of Courage in To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee Essay

Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, courage is seen as a major theme. Not still in Atticus fight for the freedom of Tom Robinson, provided also in Mrs. Duboses fight to die free of her morphine addiction. Atticus proves that courage is a moral act by taking on Tom Robinson?s case. Atticus is intelligent enough to know the battle is already lost, but still he remains the man he says he is, and fights anyway. He fights to the best of his ability, and fights to the end. This is the same case with Mrs. Dubose and her fight to die free of her drug problem. She is certain that she will die, but she is determined to die free of morphine ? even if it means living her last days in pain. Your fathers no better than the niggers and trash he plant life for (pg 108) When Mrs. Dubose spoke badly abou...

Charlemagne’s Will: Church, Empire, and Intellect :: Essays Papers

Charlemagnes Will Church, Empire, and Intellectand I shall first give an account of his deeds at home and abroad, hence of his character and pursuits, and lastly of his administration and death, omitting nothing charge knowing or necessary to know. Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne CharlemagneCharles, King of the Franksobviously has a fan in Einhard. His regent(postnominal) work, The Life of Charlemagne, details the kings aliveness from the building of his empire, through the education of his children, and culminating in his final living words the division of his possessions and the instructions for the saving of his kingdom. At first glance, the inclusion of Charlemagnes pull up stakes seems an odd choice to end an essay that demonstrates thoroughly the specifics of the great mans life-time. After all, who needfully to know which child gets his gold, and which archbishop he favored the most(prenominal). Einhard reveals the ignorance in this assumption by doing jus t the opposite using Charlemagnes will as the final and most convincing illustration of the kings life and character. Einhard divides his discussion of Charlemagne into three distinct sections, perhaps in imitation of the kings will, which is also partitioned into the aforementioned(prenominal) three underlying themes church, empire, and intellect. Throughout his essay, Einhard makes constant references to Charlemagnes piety. He notes that the king cherished with great fervor and devotion the principles of the Christian religion. Charlemagne built the basilica at Aix-la-Chapelle, and was a constant worshipper at this church. (Einhard, 48). He embodied the Christian doctrine to give to the poor, and had close relationships to the popes in Rome. A pessimist might find cause to believe these actions were purely opportunistic or at least had mixed motiveshis relationships with the Vatican were monetarily beneficialbut Einhards inclusion of Charlemagnes will remov es all doubt. In this division he is especially desirous to put upthe largess of alms which Christians usually make. (Einhard, 52). In death, Charlemagne gave much of his wealth to the Church via the archbishops of each city in his empire, and barely stipulated that upon the death of one of them, a portion of the rest inheritance should go directly to the poor, as should the profit of the sale of his library.Charlemagnes Will Church, Empire, and Intellect Essays written documentCharlemagnes Will Church, Empire, and Intellectand I shall first give an account of his deeds at home and abroad, then of his character and pursuits, and lastly of his administration and death, omitting nothing worth knowing or necessary to know. Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne CharlemagneCharles, King of the Franksobviously has a fan in Einhard. His powerful work, The Life of Charlemagne, details the kings life from the building of his empire, through the education of his children, and culm inating in his final living words the division of his possessions and the instructions for the preservation of his kingdom. At first glance, the inclusion of Charlemagnes will seems an odd choice to end an essay that demonstrates thoroughly the specifics of the great mans life. After all, who needs to know which child gets his gold, and which archbishop he favored the most. Einhard reveals the ignorance in this assumption by doing just the opposite using Charlemagnes will as the final and most convincing illustration of the kings life and character. Einhard divides his discussion of Charlemagne into three distinct sections, perhaps in imitation of the kings will, which is also partitioned into the same three underlying themes church, empire, and intellect. Throughout his essay, Einhard makes constant references to Charlemagnes piety. He notes that the king cherished with great fervor and devotion the principles of the Christian religion. Charlemagne built the b asilica at Aix-la-Chapelle, and was a constant worshipper at this church. (Einhard, 48). He embodied the Christian doctrine to give to the poor, and had close relationships to the popes in Rome. A pessimist might find reason to believe these actions were purely opportunistic or at least had mixed motiveshis relationships with the Vatican were monetarily beneficialbut Einhards inclusion of Charlemagnes will removes all doubt. In this division he is especially desirous to providethe largess of alms which Christians usually make. (Einhard, 52). In death, Charlemagne gave much of his wealth to the Church via the archbishops of each city in his empire, and further stipulated that upon the death of one of them, a portion of the remaining inheritance should go directly to the poor, as should the profit of the sale of his library.

The Peaceful Cemetery Essay -- Descriptive Essay Examples, Observation

The Peaceful Cemetery As we enter a cemetery, we might be filled with fear. We may think of dark nights and ended lives. What is a scary and dreadful attitude is a very meaningful place for me. This place is so meaningful to me because my grandp atomic number 18nts on my fathers side are buried there. Cemeteries are important to bringing perspective and serenity, because they bring us a connection to where we came from, help us realize the kickshaw of life, and they help us to relax a little bit through their calmness. I have had so many things impact my life and they all seem to end up in the same place. Cemeteries are not the dreaded and scary things of superstitions. They are holding places for memories and faith. My memories of Linwood cemetery are not from within the place itself but from the people it holds. It helped me realize the delicacy of life by taking many people I loved before I expected. My grandparents are buried in my most meaningful place and one of my frien ds from high school. My grandparents are very special because I never really had the chance to meet...

In The Stag Hughes seems to comment on man’s relationships with nature

In The browse Hughes seems to comment on mans relationships with nature With reference to The Stag and one other poem in the section discuss the poets treatment of conflict surrounded by man and nature. In The Stag Hughes seems to comment on mans relationships withnature With reference to The Stag and one other poem in the sectiondiscuss the poets treatment of conflict between man and nature.The Stag was written by a poet named Ted Hughes and is similar to thepoem Roe-Deer in many respects because they feature many similarideas. The poem is close to the distant relationship between humans andnature, in this case it is a Stag the represents the natural side andits actions compared to the humans and their actions. The whole storyof the poem is depiction a negative image as it is about horsemenhunting the stag with hounds. The hunting of such a beautiful creaturejust shows us how ferocious we are as a race and how unnecessary it is forus to be hunting such an animal and this poem h elps us realise thatthis is going on all the time and it is just a reminder. ...

Essay --

This essay offers a contextual, and theoretical explanation as to why Stereoscopes are a product of modernity drawing particular attention to the stereoscope - that enables what legion(predicate) viewers perceive as a greater level of realism in the cinematic image -, existing arguments around the topic which have been develop to interpret and explain its social significance within the modern period. The discussion begins with an informative differentiation of both ideologies, which we identify as Modernism and Modernity the minute paragraph, is a brief background of the optical instrument which hopefully bleeds into the main body of ideas conceived from thorough research via David Trotter, Jonathan Crary and Goethe. My interest in this particular subject arose aside of empirical knowledge of cameras from studying Photography at A Level and a prior thesis I conducted in regards to Capitalism Slavery, an excerpt by filmmaker Ken Jacobs. A metaphorical screening considering the re lationship of both fields not only in their shared money form simply also the difference surrounding these two highly charged and complex kinds of bodies the slave body and the corporate body which in reality are the a biological form and a wealth form.Modernism indicates a branch of movements in art (Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism Cubism Expressionism Dada, Surrealism, Pop Art. Etc.) with distinct characteristics, it firmly rejects its unspotted precedent and classical style, what Walter Benjamin would refer to as destructive liquidation of the traditional value of the cultural heritage and it explores the etiology of a present historical situation and of its hearer forms of self-consciousness in the West. Whereas Modernity is often used as ... .... It is a moment when the visible escapes from the timeless incorporeal order of the camera obscura and becomes lodged in some other apparatus, within the unstable physiology and temporality of the human body. Crary furt her demonstrates the shift in visions location from camera to body by examining the way in which it was reproduced in non-homogeneous optical devices invented during this same period, specifically the stereoscope, the kaleidoscope, the phenakistiscope, and the diorama. His examination is based on a provocative premise There is a tendency to conflate all optical devices in the nineteenth century as equally implicated in a vague collective drive to higher and higher standards of verisimilitude (110). According to Crary, such an shape up tends to neglect entirely how some of these devices were expressions of what he calls nonveridical models of perception.

Essay --

This essay offers a contextual, and theoretical explanation as to why Stereoscopes ar a product of modernity drawing particular attention to the stereoscope - that enables what many viewers perceive as a greater level of realism in the cinematic image -, existing arguments around the topic which have been developed to interpret and explain its social significance within the modern period. The discussion begins with an informative differentiation of both ideologies, which we identify as Modernism and Modernity the second paragraph, is a brief background of the optical instrument which hopefully bleeds into the main eubstance of ideas conceived from thorough research via David Trotter, Jonathan Crary and Goethe. My interest in this particular subject arose out of empirical knowledge of cameras from studying Photography at A Level and a prior thesis I conducted in regards to Capitalism Slavery, an excerpt by filmmaker Ken Jacobs. A metaphorical screening considering the relationship of both palm not only in their shared money form but also the difference surrounding these two highly charged and complex kinds of bodies the hard worker body and the corporate body which in reality are the a biological form and a wealth form.Modernism indicates a branch of movements in art (Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism Cubism Expressionism Dada, Surrealism, Pop Art. Etc.) with distinct characteristics, it firmly rejects its classical precedent and classical style, what Walter Benjamin would refer to as destructive liquidation of the traditional value of the cultural heritage and it explores the etiology of a present historical situation and of its attendant forms of self-consciousness in the West. Whereas Modernity is often used as ... .... It is a meaning when the visible escapes from the timeless incorporeal order of the camera obscura and becomes lodged in another apparatus, within the unstable physiology and temporality of the human body. Crary further demon strates the shift in visions place from camera to body by examining the way in which it was reproduced in various optical devices invented during this same period, specifically the stereoscope, the kaleidoscope, the phenakistiscope, and the diorama. His examination is based on a provocative premise There is a tendency to conflate all optical devices in the nineteenth century as equally implicated in a swooning collective drive to higher and higher standards of verisimilitude (110). According to Crary, such an approach tends to neglect entirely how some of these devices were expressions of what he calls nonveridical models of perception.

Krishna and Ang Mahabharata Essay

Bahagi ng Mahabharata ang Bhagavad Gita (o Bhagavadgita), isang diyalogo o pag-uusap sa pagitan nina Krishna atArjuna. The Mahabharata or is i of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the opposite being the Ramayana.2 Besides its epic narrative of the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pandava princes, the Mahabharata containsphilosophical and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four goals of life or purusharthas (12.161). Among the principal works and stories in the Mahabharata are the Bhagavad Gita, the romance of Damayanti, an abbreviated version of the Ramayana, and the Rishyasringa, often considered as works in their own right.habharata, ( Sanskrit Great Epic of the Bharata Dynasty) one of the two Sanskrit great epic poems of ancient India (the other being the Ramayana). TheMahabharata is an important source of information on the develop handst ofHinduism between 400 bce and 200 ce and is regarded by Hindus as both a schoolbook about dharma (Hindu moral law) and a history (itihasa, literally thats what happened). Appearing in its present form about 400 ce, the Mahabharata consists of a mass of mythological and didactic material arranged around a central heroic narrative that tells of the struggle for sovereignty between two groups of cousins, the Kauravas (sons of Dhritarashtra, the descendant of Kuru) and thePandavas (sons of Pandu).The poem is do up of almost 100,000 coupletsabout seven times the length of the Iliad and the Odyssey combineddivided into 18 parvans, or sections, plus a supplement titled Harivamsha (genealogy of the God Hari i.e., of Vishnu). sinulat ang tulang epikong ito na may layuning parangalan ang mga bayani nang maganap ang paglusob ng mga Aryano (mga Aryan) sa India.Halos kapantay ng mga diyos ang mga maalamat na mga bayaning ito.The Mahabharata tells the story of two sets of paternal first cousinsthe five sons of the deceased king Pandu (the five Pandavas and the one hundred sons of bl ind King Dhritarashtrawho became bitter rivals, and opposed each other in war for possession of the ancestral Bharata kingdom with its capital in the urban center of the Elephants, Hastinapura , on the Ganga river in north central India. What is dramatically interesting within this simple opposition is the large number of individual agendas the many characters pursue, and the numerous in the flesh(predicate) conflicts, honourable puzzles, subplots, and plot twists that give the story a strikingly powerful development. The five sons of Pandu were actually fathered by five Gods (sex was mortally dangerous for Pandu, because of a curse) and these heroes were support throughout the story by various Gods, sages, and brahmins, including the great sage Krishna Dvaipayana Vyasa (who later became the author of the epic telling this story), who was also their actual grandfather (he had engendered Pandu and the blind Dhrtarastra upon their nominal phrase fathers widows in order to preserv e the lineage).The one hundred sons of the blind king Dhartarashtra, on the other hand, had a grotesque, demonic birth, and are state more than once in the text to be human incarnations of the demons who are the perpetual enemies of the devotees of the lord. The most dramatic figure of the entire Mahabharata, however, is Sri Krishna who is the supreme personality of manu facturing business himself, descended to earth in human form to reestablish his devotees as care takers of the earth, and who practice Dharma. Krishna Vasudeva was the cousin of both parties, but he was a friend and consultant to the Pandavas, became the brother-in-law of Arjuna , and served as Arjunas mentor and charioteer in the great war. Krishna Vasudeva is portrayed several times as eager to see the war occur, and in many ways the Pandavas were his human instruments for fulfilling that end. The Dhartarashtra caller behaved viciously and brutally toward the Pandavas in many ways, from the time of their early childhood.Their malice displayed itselfwhen they took advantage of the eldest Pandava, Yudhishthira (who had by now become the prescript of the instauration) in a game of dice The Dhartarashtras won all his brothers, himself, and even the Pandavas common wife Draupadi They humiliated all the Pandavas and physically abused Draupadi they drovethe Pandava party into the wilderness for twelve long time, and the twelve years of exile had to be followed by the Pandavas living somewhere in society, in disguise, without being discovered. The Pandavas fulfilled their part of that hatful by living out side the kingdom, but the evil leader and eldest son of Dhartarashtra, Duryodhana , was unwilling to restore the Pandavas to their half of the kingdom when the thirteen years had expired. Both sides then called upon their many allies and two large armies arrayed themselves on Kurus Field (Kuru was one of the eponymous ancestors of the clan), eleven divisions in the military of Duryodhana aga inst seven divisions for Yudhishthira.Much of the action in the Mahabharata is accompanied by discussion and debate among various interested parties, and the most famous dialog of all time, Krishna Vasudevas ethical lecture and demonstration of his divinity to his devotee and friend Arjuna (the Holy Bhagavad Gita appeared in the Mahabharata just prior to the commencement of the world war. Several of the important ethical and theological themes of the Mahabharata are tied together in this Gita, and this Song of the Blessed One has exerted much the same sort of powerful and far-reaching influence in the Vedic Civilization that the New Testament has had in the Christian world. The Pandavas won the eighteen day battle, but it was a victory that deeply troubled all only those who were able to understand things on the divine level (chiefly Krishna, Vyasa, and Bhishma the Bharata patriarch who was symbal of the virtues of the era now passing away).The Pandavas five sons by Draupadi, as we ll as Bhimasena and Arjuna Pandavas two sons by two other mothers (respectively, the young warriors and Abhimanyu, were all tragic victims in the war. Worse perhaps, the Pandava victory was won by the Pandavas slaying, in succession, four men who were like fathers to them Bhishma, their teacher Drona , Karna (who was, though none of the Pandavas knew it, the first born, pre-marital, son of their mother), and their maternal uncle Shalya (all four of these men were, in succession, supreme commanders of Duryodhanas army during the war). Equally pitiful was the fact that the killing of the first three of these respected elders, and of some other enemy warriors as well, was accomplished only through trickery, most of which were suggested by Krishna Vasudeva as absolutely required by the circumstances. The ethical gaps were not resolved to anyones satisfaction on the surface of the narrative and the aftermath ofthe war was rule by a sense of horror and malaise.Yudhishthira alone was te rribly troubled, but his sense of the wars wrongfulness persisted to the end of the text, in spite of the fact that everyone else, from his wife to Krishna Vasudeva, told him the war was right and sizable in spite of the fact that the dying patriarch Bhishma lectured him at length on all aspects of the Good rightfulness (the Duties and Responsibilities of Kings, which have rightful violence at their center the ambiguities of Righteousness in abnormal circumstances and the absolute perspective of a beatitude that ultimately transcends the oppositions of good versus bad, right versus wrong, pleasant versus unpleasant, etc.) in spite of the fact that he performed a grand Horse Sacrifice as expiation for the putative wrong of the war. These debates and instructions and the account of this Horse Sacrifice are told at some length after the massive and narrative of the battle they form a deliberate rumor of pacification that aims to neutralize the inevitable reactions of the war. In th e years that follow the war Dhritarashtra and his queen Gandhari , and Kunti, the mother of the Pandavas, lived a life of asceticism in a timber retreat and died with yogic calm in a forest fire.Krishna Vasudeva departed from this earth thirty-six years after the war. When they learned of this, the Pandavas believed it time for them to leave this world too and they embarked upon the Great Journey, which involved walking north toward the polar mountain, that is toward the heavenly worlds, until ones body dropped dead. One by one Draupadi and the younger Pandavas died on the way until Yudhishthira was left alone with a dog that had followed him all the way.Yudhishthira made it to the gate of heaven and there refused the order to drive the dog back, at which backsheesh the dog was revealed to be an incarnate form of the God Dharma (the God who was Yudhishthiras actual, physical father), who was there to test Yudhishthiras virtue. Once in heaven Yudhishthira face up one final test o f his virtue He saw only the Dhartarashtra Clan in heaven, and he was told that his brothers were in hell. He insisted on joining his brothers in hell, if that were the case It was then revealed that they were really in heaven, that this illusion had been one final test for him.

Carl Rogers Neal Miller and Kurt Lewin

In history, there were many successful psychologists who have made large contributions to the world of psychology. Many of which who are alive, and dead. Three of the closely important psychologists are Carl Rogers, Neal Miller, and Kurt Lewin all in which made a contribution to psychology somehow or another. Carl Ransom Rogers was an influential American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic flak to psychology.Rogers was widely considered to be one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research and was honored for his pioneering research with the Distinguished Scientific Contributions by the American Psychological Association in 1956. His theory, as of 1951, was based on nineteen propositions here are a few to give an idea of the basis of them all each individuals exist in a continually changing world of experience of which they are the center.A portion of the total perceptual field gradually becomes differentiated as the self, and feeling accompanies and in g eneral facilitates, such goal directed behavior, the kind of emotion being related to the perceived significance of the behavior for the maintenance and enhancement of the organism. All these have to do with the emotions and personality of a person, and how the brain works at perceiving the emotions as well. With the regard to development, Rogers described principles rather than stages.The main issue is the development of a self concept and the progress from an undifferentiated self to being fully differentiated, for instance, self concept. It means gestalt which is available to awareness though not necessarily in awareness. It is a fluid and changing gestalt, a process, but at any given moment it is a specific entity. Rogers took the aspects of how a person perceives their emotions by doing quadruplex studies, and tests to diagnos their emotional status.

Explore the similarities and differences Essay

Shakespe bes sure Hamlet was written in text, however Kenneth Branagh created a film version of the play as did Franco Zeffirelli. for the first time there are many advantages that film productions have over plays written in text only. For example, Shakespeares Hamlet cornerstonenot portray certain visual elements that can be vital in the understanding of a play but film has that advantage and therefore can add such details as settings, characters and their costumes and body language. Even the way that a line is spoken can make a big difference in its portrayal to the audience.For example in Branaghs version of Hamlet, whilst talking about the ghost he pauses before he says the word, apparition, which gives the impression he is confused as to how he will break the spirit seen of King Hamlet. Film can use music in the background to suit the mood of the particular fit. For example in the opening scene of Hamlet by Branagh there is much imagery created even before any dialogue is u sed. There is an imposing view of the Kings castle at wickedness whilst ghostly bells toll the midnight hour and you hear the crunching footsteps of Francisco guarding the gates.Just these few devices mixed together instantly create an atmosphere that cannot be recognised so slow in Shakespeares Hamlet. Instead, Whos there? Barnado says. Starting off with a question like this immediately sets a mood of apprehension that Branagh captures when Barnado jumps on conduce of Francisco whilst shouting Whos there? Also Shakespeares broken and short dialogue creates unease and confusion adding to the dark atmosphere. For example the first six lines are short and seem anxious and nervous Whos there? / Nay, answer me. Stand and unfold yourself./ Long live the King / Barnado? / He. / You come most cautiously upon your hour. Both Shakespeares and Branaghs Hamlet are different in the way Branaghs is in the format of film and Shakespeares is only text. however they are very kindred in the way they both(prenominal) create a dark, corrupt atmosphere Branagh with his dramatic imagery and Shakespeare with his broken, short dialogue. Also with Shakespeares Hamlet, Francisco says, Tis bitter cold, and I am sick at heart, just this single sentence adds to the atmosphere that something is seriously wrong in a very evil way.Another way in which Branagh used dramatic imagery when the ghost appears for the first time in front of the men. The ghost is the image of the King in full battle armour floating towards them with dramatic music in the background. This imagery is clearly something that cannot easily be drawn from Shakespeares text on its own. A similarity between both Shakespeares and Branaghs Hamlet is that Branaghs version stays extremely faithful to the text in the original Hamlet by Shakespeare.For example, just after Horatio sees the ghost of old Hamlet he goes on at great detail about the ghosts appearance as an omen of trouble brewing for Denmark quite a long section of dialogue. However, Branaghs film doesnt cut out a single word and keeps the dialogue identical to the original text by Shakespeare. Zeffirellis Hamlet cuts out the whole of the original ghost scene entirely substituting it with the funeral of old King Hamlet with emphasis on the Kings death rather than the ghost appearing. In this respect it loses a carve up of the atmospheric effect that Branaghs version creates.Hamlet should be portrayed in a dark, evil way to start off the play that Branaghs does successfully. However, with Zeffirellis version there is no way of knowing that an evil deed has been done or that there is any corruption, guilt or hesitancy of any kind. All you note is the negativity of the Kings funeral. Although both films opening scenes are very different in many ways they are both similar in another way. They both start with a negative theme. Branaghs version shows the dead King Hamlets ghost haunting the riotous minds of the guards and this reinfor ces the sense of evil captured that night.Zeffirellis version shows the great castle and all the knights wearing black for the Kings funeral while Hamlets cause hysterically weeps over the still body of the King. Therefore in this way they are very similar. Another big difference is the running time of both films. Branaghs films running time is 232 minutes, which is a long time compared to just 130 minutes of Zeffirellis version of Hamlet. This difference accounts for the occurrence that Zeffirelli cut out a great deal of the original Shakespearean text whereas Branagh included almost all of it in the entire film.

“Comparative Study of Different Financial Instrument in Indian Market” Use by Retail Investor

Com com comparisonisonative reflect of different m itary factor in Indian grocery store place Submitted to Prof. Ji functionra Sharma Prof. Daisy Kurien Submitted By Radhika Khant Date of Submission whitethorn 18, 2012 Xcellon Institute- School of Business Project report on HR Policy in HDFC camber Submitted to Prof. Ji 10dra Sharma Prof. Daisy Kurien Submitted By Radhika Khant A report submitted In a fond(p) fulfillment for the award Of the Post Graduate Programme in General Business c be (201113) Ahmedabad 17 April 2012 Table of Content Acknowledgement.. 4 executive Summary5 1.Introduction6 2. 1 m match slighttary Industry History.. 6 2. 2 Financial Industry in India 7 2. 3 Financial Services in India Brief Overview7 2. 4 Financial Services in India Re cent Development 9 2. 5 Financial Services organization Initiatives. 10 2. 6 Financial Services Demand and Supply.. 10 2. 7 List of pass finance companies in India. 10 2. 8 highroad forward.. 13 2. Types of Instruments. 14 3. Debt instruments.. 14 3. 10 Debenture. 15 3. 11 Bonds16 3. 12 reciprocal farm animal.. 18 3. 13 honor21 3. 14 restitution 23 3. 15 Gold 26 3. 16 Real estate. 27 3. 17 Forex. 30 3. 18 stiff Deposit. 31 3. Research Methodology 33 3. 1Scpoe of Research.. 33 3. 2Management Question 3 3. 3Objectives of study34 3. 4Research Design. 35 3. 5Sources of Data.. 35 3. 6Sampling Design Process.. 36 3. 7Data Analysis Technique 36 3. 8Limitation of the Study.. 36 4. Analysis of entropy. 37 5. Finding/ Interpretation.. 63 6. windup69 7. Reference.. 70 8. Annexure 73 Acknowledgement Being fortune enough to be a part of Xcellon Institute-School of Business, Ahmedabad.First of whole I would the likes of to thank to Professor Jitendra Sharma for helping me to give relevant instruction for preparing my project. At last, my grateful thanks is in any case extended to Ms. Daisy Kurien (professor of Xcellon Institute-school of business) to give her guidance and for all supports done erupt the project. Radhika Khant administrator Summary The whole overhaulic covers the perception regarding postor bandage enthronement entrepots in any financial instrument. What atomic number 18 the factors devoteor interpret time investing. What are the criteria are actually valuable for the investor.The whole study tells more or less the different financial instrument and the taste perception of people towards those instruments. Chapter 1 gives the idea regarding the financial industry of India. It too throws the brighten about the current trends of financial industry and who are the major player in the financial service providers. It gives the idea regarding the recent change occurred in this celestial sphere. At last, it shows the futurity of that sector. Chapter 2 implys the comparative study of different financial instruments like legality, debenture, rooted(p) deposit, bonds, forex, hearty estate, policy, gold, rough-cut fund.It covers the advantages and di sadvantages of each instrument. Chapter 3 basically deals with the interrogation methodological analysis used for preparing the report. It includes the sampling technique procedure, sample size, perplexity question, research objective, data analysis technique and limitation of the study. Chapter 4 includes the analysis of all the primary research. With the help of different statistical techniques like multiple correlation, Anova, Chi-square. Chapter 5 includes the finding or interpretation of the analysis. 1. Introduction birth industry in the valet de chambre as consider to be the intimately Coperni push aside.Financial service are the economic services provided by financial industry, which encompasses a board range of organizations that manage specie, including credit unions, tills, credit bankers bill companies, damages companies, consumer finance companies, enthronisation firm elementages, investment fund and some government sponsored enterprise. The term financia l services became more relevant in the US part as a reverberation of the Gramm-Leach-Billey Act of the late 1990s, which enabled different types of companies operating in the US financial services industry at that time of merge. 1. 1 Financial Industry HistoryThe major founder upts that feature shaped the modern finance industry are * The Great Depression (1929) The Great Depression originated in the US with the Wall Street crash in October 1929. The effects of the depression spread crossways the world, e circumscribedly in the heavy industries. metropolis requirements regulation, financial industry attentions and the insurance of deposit accounts sprang out of this tumultuous check. * Black Mon daylight (1987) On October 19, the stock markets crossways the world witnessed a huge crash. This was the overlargest one day decline in the stock market history. The crash started in Hong Kong, spreading to Europe and the US.Analysts blamed computer trading systems for magnifyin g the losses. * Asian Financial Crisis (1990s) The Asian Financial Crisis was triggered by the collapse of Tai baht as the government of Thailand decided to float the national currentness. The nation had a huge foreign debt at that point, driving it to the verge of bankruptcy. The crisis rippled across the whole of Southeast Asia and has led to many a(prenominal) emerging market countries to reduce debts and build up foreign currency reserves. * declination Market Downturn (2002) pedigree exchanges around the world witnessed a signifi grasst decline in March 2002.It was attributed to the bursting of the Dot-com Bubble, which saw major Internet companies going bankrupt. * Sub-prime Crisis (2007) credence markets go about major crunch due to large scale default on lends. It led to the Financial Crisis of 2008 2009 and resulted in the bankruptcy, fire-sale acquisition and government bailouts of finance industry giants much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Lehman Br differents, Bear St crystallises, AIG, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Merrill Lynch, Wachovia, Northern Rock, Lloyds TSB, HBOS, RBS and the entire banking system of Iceland. The world economy female genitals expect reduced growth rates and tighter regulations as a result of this crisis. . 2 Introduction of financial industry in India The financial industry, or financial services industry, includes a wide range of companies and institutions involved with money, including businesses providing money management, lending, investing and insuring and securities issuance and trading services. The fol down(p)ing institutions are a part of financial industry. * Banks * Credit card issuers * policy familiarity * coronation banker * Securities traders * Financial planner * security system exchange 1. 3 Financial Services in India- Brief OverviewFinancial services industry is the mainstay of any economy as it mirrors the financial health of the country. Indian financial markets are highly modulate with different authorities keeping an eye on either avenue of financial sub-segments viz. Stock markets, reciprocal bullion, insurance and banking. Stock markets are regulated by Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) magical spell insurance policy Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) keep an eye on the insurance industry. Similarly, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) keeps a check on the Indian banking sector and Association of Mutual storehouses in India (AMFI) takes care of the mutual fund segment.India boasts of a Rs 23, 000 crore (US$ 4. 44 billion) financial services distribution and advice market. Recent developments, Government measures, key facts and figures pertaining to the same are discussed here afterwards. Insurance Sector Even when the turbulent measure are prevalent in the global financial markets, Indian consumers have non lost faith in their financial systems. This fact is majorly driving Indian insurance market. According to the data released by Life Insurance C ouncil, total premium collected (including both new and renewal premiums) during April-September 2011 stood at Rs 1,22,661 crore (US$ 23. 9 billion). In the same finis, the renewal premium collection incrementd by 17 per cent to Rs 73,575 crore (US$ 14. 21 billion), as against Rs 62,818 crore (US$ 12. 13 billion) in the corresponding period in 2010. Till September 30, 2011, promoters of life insurance companies had injected over Rs 32,720 crore (US$ 6. 32 billion) as capital. Also, there was an investment of more than Rs 200,000 crore (US$ 38. 62 billion) in infrastructure development in the sector. The council further predicts an upsurge in new premium collections during October 2011-March 2012.Ratings agency Moodys believe that tough deposit base of Indian lenders and Governments persistent support to public sector and mysterious banks would act as positive factors for the 64 trillion (US$ 1. 23 trillion) Indian banking industry amidst the negative global scenario. * According to the RBIs Quarterly Statistics on Deposits and Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks, March 2011, Nationalized Banks, as a group, accounted for 53. 0 per cent of the aggregate deposits, musical composition State Bank of India (SBI) and its associates accounted for 21. 6 per cent.The contribution of new private sector banks, Old private sector banks, foreign banks and Regional Rural banks in aggregate deposits was 13. 4 per cent, 4. 6 per cent, 4. 4 per cent and 3 per cent respectively. With respect to gross bank credit also, nationalized banks hold the highest share of 52. 8 per cent in the total bank credit, with SBI and its associates at 22. 1 per cent and saucy Private sector banks at 13. 2 per cent. Foreign banks, Old private sector banks and Regional Rural banks held relatively lower shares in the total bank credit with 4. 9 per cent, 4. per cent and 2. 4 per cent respectively. * Another statement from RBI has revealed that bank advances grew 17. 08 per cent annually as o n December 16, 2011 while bank deposits rose 18. 03 per cent. Mutual Funds Industry in India Recent data released by AMFI stated that the cumulative average Asset Under Management (AUM) of all fund houses aggregated to about Rs 6,87,640 crore (US$ 132. 77 billion) in the last quarter of 2011. Data compiled at the end of 2011 indicated that HDFC Mutual Fund maintained its top position with an average AUM of Rs 88,737. 07 crore (US$ 17. 3 billion) while fund houses namely Reliance, ICICI Pru, Birla Sun life and UTI followed. By the end of 2011, there were a total of 44 fund houses in the country as against 42 in the starting signal quarter of the course. Private virtue (PE), Mergers Acquisitions (MA) in India ball-shaped consultancy firm Ernst Young (EY) has stated that the look upon of MA deals involving Indian companies aggregated to US$ 34. 4 billion in 2011 involving 806 legal proceeding. There were 177 outbound deals with an aggregate disclosed protect of US$ 8. 8 billio n in 2011 forming 25. per cent of the total MA pie. Adani Enterprises acquisition of Abbot Point Coal Terminal in Australia (US$ 2 billion) and the GVK Groups get of Australia-based autograph Coals Queensland coal additions (US$ 1. 3 billion) were among the biggest outbound deals recorded in 2011. According to data released by auditing and consultancy firm KPMG, India Inc witnessed a 31 per cent increment in PE investment to US$ 7. 89 billion during the first three quarters of 2011. PE firms like Blackstone India and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co (KKR & Co) are betting high on Indian markets.The Blackstone India chief was inform to have said that he intends to close 5-6 deals a year in India whose financial valuations would revolve around roughly US$ 100 million to US$ 120 million each. Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) in India Overseas entities are among the important drivers for Indian stock markets. FII flows account for about 45 per cent of the market free-float, tally t o Jyotivardhan Jaipuria, Managing Director and Head of Research, DSP Merrill Lynch (India). According to the data released by SEBI, FIIs purchased stocks worth Rs 600,000 crore (US$ 116 billion) during 2011.FIIs were also seen attracted to the debt market in 2011 wherein they infused Rs 42, 067 crore (US$ 8. 12 billion). This intense engagement in debt markets helped India get a net FII inflow of Rs 39, 353 crore (US$ 7. 6 billion) (taking both- debt and stocks- into account) for the year. The number of FIIs registered with SEBI stood at 1, 749 as of October 2011, while the number of FII sub-accounts was 6, 058 during the month. Furthermore, FIIs injected Rs 41,253 crore (US$ 8 billion) in Government securities (G-secs) and Rs 68,289 crore (US$ 13. 18 billion) in corporate bonds, as on October 31, 2011. 1. Financial Services in India Recent Developments * India Infrastructure pay Company Ltd (IIFCL) and IDBI Bank have inked a five-year memorandum of mind (MoU) to launch infrastr ucture debt fund (IDF) schemes. The IDF, for which IDBI Bank and IIFCL would play strategic investors, is expected to get launched by the end of February 2012. * With an intension to strengthen its hold in southerly India, the Uco Bank is grooming to add 11 more branches in Andhra Pradesh to its 66-branch-strong network in the state. The bank has made exemplary progress in recent medieval with 2,004 branches in the country and four abroad. IRDA has recently launched a industrious application that enables comparison between various insurance products and premium rates. The application, compatible with Android, iPhone, Nokia and Blackberry platforms, has been demonstrable to empower consumers/prospects to make informed decisions by comparing features of insurance products finished with(predicate) and through mobiles. * US-based financial services company Ameriprise Financial Inc has commenced its operations in India. It is the however transnational firm in India that would pro vide pure financial planning and wealth management services to the Indian consumers. 1. 5 Financial Services Government InitiativesThe Governments top priority seems to be the enhancement of investor base for the Indian markets. That is why the minute of arcistry of Finance started 2012 with a happy announcement by allowing foreign nationals, trusts and pension funds to invest directly in the countrys listed companies from mid-January 2012. The Government of India has also decided to infuse Rs 6,000 crore (US$ 1. 16 billion) in public sector banks during the remaining 2011-12 to ensure that the entities escort regulatory requirements. In 2010-11, the Government had provided Rs 20,157 crore (US$ 4 billion) as its capital support to public sector banks.In fiat to prepare public sector banks for neck-to-neck competition ahead and improve their process in future, the finance ministry has set new benchmarks for them to achieve. The new benchmarks, that would calculate their functiona l and financial capability to qualify for capital infusion, entail three performance indicators nest egg and current deposit ratio, employee-branch ratio and profit per employee. 1. 6 Financial Industry Demand and Supply Drivers Demand for financial products is driven by gamble-reward assessments, which consider * likely Yield * Risk rating * liquidity Availability of information * Access to alternatives The major supply drivers are * Money supply * Interest rates * fanfare * Economic conditions Government regulations 1. 7 List of Top Finance Companies of India SBI Capital Markets Limited It is one among the oldest organizations in the capital markets sector of India. It was established in the year 1986 as an ancillary of SBI. It ranks second in Asias Project Advisory services. The company is a trailblazer in privatization and securitization. The companys subsidiaries are SBICAPs Ventures Ltd. , SBICAP Trustee Co. Ltd. Bajaj Capital LimitedThe company offers outstrip investme nt advisory and financial planning. It provides institutional investors, NRIs, corporate houses, case-by-case investors, and high network clients with investment advisory and financial planning services. It is also the largest provider of finance products offered by public and private organizations, several government bodies, investment products like bonds, mutual funds, general insurance and so on IDBI Bank The Managing Director and Chairman of the bank is Shri R. M. Malla. It offers the services like personal banking, corporate banking, MSME finance, NRI services and much more.Browse the site to know more. UTI Mutual Fund The company offers best investment advisory and financial planning. It is recognised as Indias intimately trusted financial advisor. DSP Meriyll Lynch Limited It is the key player of law and debt securities in India. It renders financial advises to many corporations and institutions. It also offers a wide array of wealth management and investor services along with customized advices related to financial matters. This company is the pioneer to form research facility to research in financial products and services, improvements and innovations. The company also has its pass on in theGovernment securities and holds an eminent position in the market of equity and debt in India. Birla Global Finance Limited It is a subsidiary of Aditya Birla Nuvo Ltd. Their motto is to be the first choice of the customers as a major provider of financial services through technology and value creation. The primary activities of the company are Corporate Finance and Capital Market. Aditya Birla Nuvo has also formed alliance with Sun Life Financial of Canada which has apt(p) rise to the following financial services companies like Birla Sun Life Insurance Co Ltd. , Birla Sun Life Distribution Co. and many others.Housing Development Finance Corporation This company offers the best financial solutions and guidance for home loans, shoes related services, loans for NRIs etc. in India. The one stop destination for comprehensive information on personal finance is HDFC. The company has a wide network in India and abroad. HDFC overseas offices are in Singapore, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and many others. PNB Housing Finance Limited This is completely owned by PNB and offers premium solutions to relieve the borrowers. This subsidiary of the PNB has recorded a growth a 73% and is a leading finance company of India.The Home Loan Life Insurance Plan of this company in association with TATA AIG offers the lowest premium in compare to others. The chart for loans of 5 lacs and tenure of 15 geezerhood is just premium. It renders other services like Deposit schemes, Loan schemes and many others. ICICI Group ICICI offers a wide spectrum of financial products and services in India. The company provides solutions for all need like Instant Banking, Online Trading,Insta Insure,ICICI Bank imobile etc. The company keeps up the financial profile healthy and diversifies earnings across geographies and businesses.The companys philosophy is to deliver high class financial services for all the cross sections of the society. Their products are Mutual Fund, Private Equity Practice, Securities, and Life Insurance etc. LIC Finance Limited It is the leading player in the finance sector of India being the biggest Housing Finance Company of India. The function of the company is to provide finance to individuals for repair or construction or renovation of the old or new apartment or house. It also offers finance on the existing dimension for personal or business matters. The company has 14 back offices,6 regional offices and 126 units of marketing in India.L T Finance Limited This company was established in the year 1994 by the Larsen and Turbo group and now it is a significant name in the financial sector. The company offers schemes like funds for automobiles, funds for Agricultural Instruments, secured loans, funds for automobiles and many ot hers. It offers loans for a long tenure and the loans are given in exchange of valuable items. India Infoline Limited The IIFL (India Infoline) group, consisting the holding company, India Infoline Ltd (NSE INDIAINFO, BSE 532636) and its subsidiaries, is one of the leading players in the Indian financial services space.It has a lot of information related to financial world. Check out the site for more information. 1. 8 Road Ahead A report by The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) India, in association with an industrial body and Indian Banks Associations (IBA) predicts that Indian banking sector would become the worlds third largest in asset size by 2025. The report also analyses that mobile banking would become the second largest channel of banking after ATMs. Given the positive eco-system of the industry, regulatory and Government initiatives, mobile banking is anticipated to enhance from 0. per cent of transactions in a 45 per cent financial inclusion base in 2010 to 34 per cent of th e transactions with 80 per cent rural inclusion base by 2020, as per the report. An industrial body predicts that the non-life insurance sector is poised to become a Rs 90,000 crore (US$ 17. 37 billion) industry (from the current level of Rs 47,000 crore (US$ 9. 07 billion) by 2015 growing by over 18 per cent. Demand-driven economy, change magnitude consumer base in motoring and healthcare, growth of services and teensy-weensy and medium enterprises (SMEs) are certain factors that are attributed behind the strong forecast 2. Types of InstrumentsOverview There are many ways to invest your money. Of course, to decide which investment vehicles are suitable for you, you need to know their characteristics and why they whitethorn be suitable for a particular investing objective. DebtMarket Public Provident Fund mulishDeposits Bonds MutualFunds BanksDeposits EquityMarket InitialPublic Offer (IPO) Insurance Forex bills Gold RealEstate 2. 1 DEBT INSTRUMENTS Debt instruments encour age your capital, therefore the importance of a solid debt portfolio. This not only gives stability, but also offersyou optimal returns, lucidity and tax benefits.Debtproducts, besides safeguarding your capital, can be used to meet short, medium and semipermanent financial needs. * SHORT TERM INVESTMENT They are honest for short term goals, you can look at liquid funds, undirected rate funds and short-term bank deposits as extracts for this category of investments. Liquid funds have retuned around 5% post-tax returns as compared to 5. 6% post-tax that your one-year 8% bank position deposit gives you. So, if you have funds for investment for over a period of one year, it is better to go in for bank deposits. However, liquid funds are better, if your time horizon is slight than one-year, say around six months.This is because the bank deposit rates decrease proportionately with lower periods, while liquid funds pass on yield the same annualized returns for any period of time. Short-term floating rate funds can be considered at par to liquid funds for short term investments. * Fixed Maturity Plan (FMP) If you know exactly for how much time you need to invest your surplus, a smarter option is to invest in FMPs. They are shorter-tenured debt schemes that buy and hold securities till maturity, thereby eliminating the affaire rate riskiness. Try and opt for FMPs that offer a double indexation benefit.Fund houses unremarkably launch double-indexation FMPs during the end of the financial year so that they cover two financial year closings. * Medium & Long-Term Options These options typically offer low or virtually no liquidity. They are, however, largely useful as income accumulation gumshoes because of the assured fill rates they offer. These instruments(small savings schemes) should find place in your long-term debt portfolio. Table 1 Schemes Type Interest rate Term Min max investment Premature withdrawal Tax benefit Public farsighted fund Recurring 8 %pa 15 long time Min.Rs 500 Max. Rs 70000 yes U/S 80c National saving certificate Growth 8% increase half yearly 6 years Min. Rs. 100Max. No upper limit No U/S 80c Kisan vikas patra Growth Amount doubles in 8years & 7months 8 years & 7 months Min. Rs. 100Max. No upper limit Yes Nil Post Office Time &Recurring Deposit Fixed deposit 6. 25-7. 50% 1-5 years Min. Rs. 200Max. No upper limit Yes Nil Post Office Monthly Income Scheme Regular income 8% payable monthly 6 years MinRs. 1,000Max Rs. 3Lac(Single)Rs. Lac(Jointly) Yes Nil Senior Citizens Savings Scheme Regular income 9% payable quarterly 5 years Min. Rs 1000 Max. Rs 15 lack Yes Nil 2. 3 BONDS Overview Bonds refer to debt instruments bearing beguile on maturity. In simple terms, organizations may borrow funds by issuing debt securities named bonds, having a immovable maturity period (more than one year) and pay a specified rate of interest (coupon rate) on the tether amount to the holders. Bonds have a maturity period of m ore than one year which differentiates it from other debt securities like commercial papers, treasury bills and other money market instruments.It is a fixed income instrument issued for a period of more than one year with the declare oneself ofraising capital. The central or state government, corporations and similar institutions sell bonds . A bond is generally a promise to repay the principal along with a fixed rate of interest on a specified date, called the Maturity Date. The main attraction of bonds is their relative safety. Ifyou are buying bonds from a stable government, your investment is virtually guaranteed, or risk-free. The safety and stability, however, come at a charge.Because there is little risk, there is little potential return. As a result, the rate of return on bonds is generally lower than other securities. Terminology Used in Bond Market Meaning in General damage Bonds Loans (in the form of a security) Issuer of Bonds Borrower Bond Holder Lender Principal Amo unt Amount at which issuer pays interest and which is re paying(a) on the maturity date Issue monetary value Price at which bonds are offered to investors Maturity Date Length of time (More than one year)Coupon Rate of interest paid by the issuer on the par/face value of the bond Coupon Date The date on which interest is paid to investors td-txt * Tax Saving Bonds These are those bonds that have a special provision that allows the investor to save on tax. Examples of such bonds are a) Infrastructure Bonds b) Capital Gains Bonds I. Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) Bonds. II. National Highway Authority of India (NHAI)c III. National Bank for kitchen-gardening & Rural Development c) RBI Tax Relief Bonds Table 2 Scheme Who can invest? investiture Interest Maturity Premature withdrawal Tax benefit Min Max Infrastructural bonds Individuals or on behalf of minors, trusts 5000 No limit 8% compounded semi annually 6 years after 4 years Yes Capital gain bonds Individuals or on behalf of minors, trusts REC only 1 lack No limit 5. 15% pa 5 years After 3 years Yes NHAI All 10000 No limit 6. 5% pa 7 years After 3 years Yes NABARD All 1 lack No limit 5% pa 5 years After 3 years Yes RBI tax relief bonds Individuals or on behalf of minors, trusts 1000 No limit 6. %(tax free) 5 years After 3 years Interest exempt from IT 1000 No limit 8% (taxable) 6 years No Interest is not exempt from IT 2. 4 MUTUAL FUNDS Overview A mutual fund is a body corporate registered with SEBI that pools money from the Individuals/corporate investors and invests the same in a variety of different financial Instruments or securities such as Equity Shares, Government Securities, Bonds, Debentures, etc. The income make through these investments and the capital appreciations realized are shared by its unit holders in proportion to the number of units owned by them. indeed a Mutual Fund is the most suitable investment for the common man as it offers an opportunity to invest in a d iversified, professionally managed basket of securities at a relatively low cost. Mutual fund units are issued and redeemed by the Asset Management Company (AMC) based on the funds net asset value (NAV), which is determined at the end of each trading session. Mutual funds are considered to be the best investments as on one hand it provides good Returns and on the other hand it gives us safety in comparison to other investments avenues.The advantages of investing in a Mutual Fund are * Diversification The best mutual funds design their portfolios so individual investments will react differently to the same economic conditions. For example, economic conditions like a rise in interest rates may cause certain securities in a diversified portfolio to decrease in value. Other securities in the portfolio will respond to the same economic conditions by increasing in value. When a portfolio is balanced in this way, the value of the overall portfolio should gradually increase over time, all the same if some securities lose value. Professional Management Most mutual funds pay topflight professionals to manage their investments. These tutors decide what securities the fund will buy and sell. * Regulatory oversight Mutual funds are subject to many government regulations that protect investors from fraud. * Liquidity Its easy to get your money out of a mutual fund. drop a line a check, make a call, and youve got the cash. * Convenience You can usually buy mutual fund shares by mail, phone, or over the Internet. * Low cost Mutual fund expenses are often no more than 1. 5 percent of your investment.Expenses for Index Funds are less than that, because index funds are not actively managed. Instead, they automatically buy stock in companies that are listed on a specific index * Transparency * Flexibility * Choice of schemes * Tax benefits * swell regulated The disadvantages of investing in a Mutual Fund are * No Guarantees No investment is risk free. If the entire stock mark et declines in value, the value of mutual fund shares will go down as well, no matter how balanced the portfolio. Investors encounter fewer risks when they invest in mutual funds than when they buy and sell stocks on their own.However, anyone who invests through a mutual fund runs the risk of losing money. * Fees and commissions All funds charge administrative fees to cover their day-by-day expenses. Some funds also charge sales commissions or loads to compensate brokers, financial consultants, or financial planners. Even if you dont use a broker or other financial adviser, you will pay a sales commission if you buy shares in a Load Fund. * Taxes During a typical year, most actively managed mutual funds sell anywhere from 20 to 70 percent of the securities in their portfolios.If your fund makes a profit on its sales, you will pay taxes on the income you receive, even if you reinvest the money you made. * Management risk When you invest in a mutual fund, you depend on the funds mana ger to make the right decisions regarding the funds portfolio. If the manager does not perform as well as you had hoped, you might not make as much money on your investment as you expected. Of course, if you invest in Index Funds, you forego management risk, because these funds do not employ managers. 2. 5 EQUITY Overview Equities are often regarded as the best acting asset class counterpart its peers over longer timeframes.However equity-oriented investments are also capable of exposing investors to the highest degree of volatility and risk. There are a number of factors, which strickle the performance of equities ad studying and under standing all of them on an ongoing basis, can be challenging for most. The rate of dividend on equity shares is not fixed and depends upon the profits available and the intention of the board. In case of winding up of the company, equity capital can be paid back only after e very(prenominal) other claim including the claim of preference shareholde rs has been settled.The most outstanding feature of equity capital is that its holders control the affairs of the company and have an outright interest in the companys profits and assets. They enjoy voting right on all matters relating to the business of the company. They may earn dividend at a higher rate. Stock markets have forever and a day been a draw for investors for their ability to generate wealth over the long-term. Fear, greed and a short-term investment approach act as hurdles that frustrate the investor from achieving his/her investment goals. You need to keep in mind the risk associated with the stocks.You also need to transmute your equity portfolio i. e. , include more stocks and sectors. This helps you diversify your investment risk, so even if something were to go wrong with a stock/industry in your portfolio, other stocks/industries should help you shore up your portfolio. Two important resources that are critical to investing directly in stock markets are quali ty stock research and a reliable and inexpensive stock broker. The first one research on stocks is the most critical input that investors need to identify before they begin investing in tockmarkets. This is because even while you may have the risk appetite for equities, you still need credible, stock market related research that can help you make the right investment decision. The good thing about the Indian market, riding on the back of an economy that has grown by over 7% in the last two years, is that you cant miss being part of growth if you invest in the stock markets carefully. The bad part is the CHOICE Of the listed 4,758 stocks on BSE and the NSE, how do you even get close to taking a call?Here comes the need of a financial advisor who can make your investment decisions and monitors your funds. Clearly, as Indians earn more, save more and accumulate more, financial advisors will play a crucial role in helping individuals create, protect and manage wealth. Advantages to In vestors I. More Income Equity shareholders are the residual claimant of the profits after meeting all the fixed commitments. The company may add to the profits by trading on equity. Thus equity capital may get dividend at high in boom period. II. Right to Participate in the Control and ManagementEquity shareholders have voting rights and elect competent persons as directors to control and manage the affairs of the company. III. Capital profits The market value of equity shares fluctuates directly with the profits of the company and their real value based on the net worth of the assets of the company. an appreciation in the net worth of the companys assets will increase the market value of equity shares. It brings capital appreciation in their investments. IV. An Attraction of Persons having Limited Income Equity shares are mostly of lower denomination and persons of limited recourses can purchase these shares.V. Other Advantages It appeals most to the speculators. Their prices in se curity market are more fluctuating. Disadvantages to investors I. Uncertain and Irregular Income The dividend on equity shares is subject to availability of profits and intention of the Board of Directors and and so the income is quite irregular and uncertain. They may get no dividend even three are sufficient profits. II. Capital loss During Depression Period During recession or depression periods, the profits of the company come down and consequently the rate of dividend also comes down.Due to low rate of dividend and certain other factors the market value of equity shares goes down resulting in a capital loss to the investors. III. Loss on Liquidation In case, the company goes into liquidation, equity shareholders are the worst suffers. They are paid in the last only if any surplus is available after every other claim including the claim of preference shareholders is settled. It is evident from the advantages and disadvantages of equity share capital discussed above that the iss ue of equity share capital is a must for a company, yet it should not solely depend on it.In order to make its capital structure flexible, it should raise funds from other sources also. 2. 6 INSURANCE Overview Life insurance has traditionally been looked upon pre-dominantly as an avenue that offers tax benefits while also doubling up as a saving instrument. The purpose of life insurance is to indemnify the nominees in case of an eventuality to the insured. In other words, life insurance is intended to secure the financial future of the nominees in the absence of the person insured. The purpose of buying a life insurance is to protect your dependants from any financial difficulties in your absence.It helps individuals in providing them with the twin benefits ofinsuring themselves while at the same time acting as a compulsory savings instrument to take care of their future needs. Life insurance can aid your family on a rainy day, at a time when help from every quarter is welcome and o f course, since some plans also double up as a savings instrument, they assist you in planning for such future needs like childrens marriage, purchase of various household items, gold purchases or as seed capital for starting a business.Traditionally, buying life insurance has always formed an integral part of an individuals annual tax planning exercise. While it is important for individuals to have life cover, it is equally important that they buy insurance keeping both their long-term financial goals and their tax planning in mind. This note explains the role of life insurance in an individuals tax planning exercise while also evaluating the various options available at ones disposal. Life is full of dangers, but with insurance, you can at least ensure that you and your dependents dont suffer.Its easier to walk the tightrope if you know there is a safety net. You should try and take cover for all insurable risks. If you are aware(p) of the major risks and buy the right products, you can cover quite a few bases. The major insurable risks are as follows Life Health Income Professional Hazards Assets Outliving Wealth Debt Repayment Advantages of Life Insurance Risk Cover Life today is full of uncertainties in this scenario Life Insurance ensures that your loved ones continue to enjoy a good quality of life against any unforeseen event. Planning for life stage needsLife Insurance not only provides for financial support in the event of untimely death but also acts as a long term investment. You can meet your goals, be it your childrens education, their marriage, building your dream home or planning a relaxed retired life, according to your life stage and risk appetite. Traditional life insurance policies i. e. traditional endowment fund plans, offer in-built guarantees and defined maturity benefits through variety of product options such as Money Back, Guaranteed Cash Values, Guaranteed Maturity Values. Protection against rising health expensesLife Insurers thr ough riders or stand alone health insurance plans offer the benefits of protection against critical diseases and hospitalization expenses. This benefit has assumed critical importance given the increasing incidence of lifestyle diseases and escalating medical costs. Builds the habit of thrift Life Insurance is a long-term contract where as policyholder, you have to pay a fixed amount at a defined periodicity. This builds the habit of long-term savings. Regular savings over a long period ensures that a decent principal is built to meet financial needs at various life stages.Safe and profitable long-term investment Life Insurance is a highly regulated sector. IRDA, the regulatory body, through various rules and regulations ensures that the safety of the policyholders money is the primary responsibility of all stakeholders. Life Insurance being a long-term savings instrument, also ensures that the life insurers focus on returns over a long-term and do not take risky investment decisio ns for short term gains. Assured income through annuities Life Insurance is one of the best instruments for retirement planning.The money saved during the earning life span is utilized to provide a steady source of income during the retired mannequin of life. Protection plus savings over a long term Since traditional policies are viewed both by the distributors as well as the customers as a long term commitment these policies help the policyholders meet the dual need of protection and long term wealth creation efficiently. Growth through dividends Traditional policies offer an opportunity to participate in the economic growth without taking the investment risk. The investment income is distributed among the policyholders through annual announcement of dividends/bonus.Facility of loans without affecting the policy benefits Policyholders have the option of taking loan against the policy. This helps you meet your unplanned life stage needs without adversely affecting the benefits of t he policy they have bought. Tax Benefits Insurance plans provide attractive tax-benefits for both at the time of entry and exit under most of the plans. Mortgage Redemption Insurance acts as an effective tool to cover mortgages and loans taken by the policyholders so that, in case of any unforeseen event, the burden of repayment does not fall on the bereaved family.Disadvantages of Insurance as an Investment Option Inconsistent premiums Most policies contain mandatory premiums that increase in due course. For an insured on a budget, who desires to buy reportage adequate to profit his relations upon his decease, this policy can be quite costly. The liquid inflation guarantees a steep climb. Deduction of funds While policies include conditions in which shares from cash accounts can be used to disburse premiums, such a request practically always results in deducting funds from the cash value / investment account. Insufficient fundsThere is a lack of assurance that ample finance will b e accessible to cover unpaid premiums when the policyholder holds forgetful funds. Expiration of term insurance This kind of insurance in not permanent it is either for a fixed number of years or until a certain age. On completion of the term or when the insured reaches a certain age the policy expires compelling them to qualify for another(prenominal) insurance program, which may require higher premium depending on the age and other factors. Language of premium It is usually difficult to resolve precisely how costly commissions truly are.The cost is commonly concealed within the fine print of the terms and conditions, and it is normally explained in language that is complex for someone who is unfamiliar to insurance policies. 2. 7 lucky Overview In India, gold has traditionally played a multi-faceted role. Apart from being used for a dornment purpose, it has also served as an asset of the last resort and a hedge against inflation and currency depreciation. India has more than 13, 000 tones of hoarded gold, which translates to around Rs. 6, 50,000 cores. Gold is an asset class thats associated with safety.However, the ups and down that the yellow metal has seen over the last few months, has made it look similar to other market investment assets. This is due to an unprecedented demand for gold as an investment avenue since the last suspender of years. Gold has attracted a high level of attention in last couple of years, with an image shift from anon-volatile asset to a hot investment avenue. The future outlook for the metal looks positive given its proven linear relationship with the crude oil and non-linear with the US dollar.The much-awaited gold exchange-traded funds would provide a very good vehicle to the investors and a sensible alternative to the current forms available for investment. Advantages The value of gold tends to be stable from year to year and is considered not change by inflation / zero inflation effect, and very rarely gold prices fell, a nd gold can also be used for collection and as jewelry. Investment in Gold is also good as a way of diversifying the property and remedy could be a good alternative, especially in unstable conditions, gold can be as a tool to hedge.Gold prices also tend to be stable due to the gold commodity in the world cannot grow. One other advantage is the price of gold is pegged in U. S. dollars, so when an increase in the value of U. S. dollar. You can get two immediate benefits of the increase in dollars and also increase the price of gold itself. But can the same condition, when the gold price was falling. But for the long term gold prices tend to stabilize and rise. Disadvantages Lack of investment in gold is the factor of warehousing / storage and treatment / handling. Storing gold in large quantities relatively risky and expensive.Also, if storage is not good, though wrapped in protective cover, allowing the oxidation and discoloration. Especially in the form of gold coins, if you fall, dented, or chipped, its hard for re-treatment and could reduce the price. In gold investments, you tend to be more careful and pay attention in terms of sustentation and storage. Another One drawback is its relatively stable returns and less exciting than stocks or property. Also, it is not advisable to invest in gold only in the short term (1 year or less). So, based on the strengths and weaknesses are, in my opinion tend to be more precise gold to hedge / hedging of the investment. . 8 REAL ESTATE Overview Real estate is a great investment option, as it gives you capital appreciation and rental income. Its an investment option since it fights inflation. The fundamentals for investing in property markets remain strong in India relatively low interest rates, strong capital flows, high employment growth, abundant liquidity, attractive demographics (young population and migration from West), increase in affordability, and a large supply of stock to keep up with demand and focus on qu ality. The price you pay for a property should reflect the future rent/income at which you let it.As in the stock market, the prices in real estate are also driven by sentiments. All that is required to reverse a price movement is a change in sentiment. Start saving for a home the moment you begin your career. Early acquisition helps you to repay your home loan well within your working life. Also, the EMI as a percentage of your salary decreases as your pay increases making the outflows more affordable. If you lock into the interest rate for the loan, the interest outflow will be less than the compounding effect ofinflation. You should be very clear about why you want to invest in real estate.It is a very good tool for wealth creation but like all other assets, has its share of risks. Careful planning, however, can minimize the risks. attribute has proved a relatively secure investment over the past quarter decade in, with returns above 8 per cent in some metropolitan markets, but w hat should you consider before directing your savings to an investment property? Advantages of investment properties In general, property is considered a fairly low-risk investment, and can be less volatile than shares (although, this is not always the case).Some of the advantages of investing in property include * Tax benefits A number of deductions can be claimed on your tax return, such as interest paid on the loan, repairs and maintenance, rates and taxes, insurance, agents fees, travel to and from the property to facilitate repairs, and buildings depreciation. * Negative paraphernalia Tax deductions can also be claimed as a result ofnegative gearing, where the costs of keeping the investment property exceed the income gained from it. * Long-term investment Many people like the idea of an investment that can fund them in their retirement.Rental housing is one sector that rarely decreases in price, making it a good potential option for long-term investments. * decreed asset bas e There are many benefits from having an investment property when deciding to take out another loan or invest in something else. Showing your potential lender that you have the ability to maintain a loan without defaulting will be highly regarded. The property can also be useful as security when taking out another home, car orpersonal loan. * Safety aspect Low-risk investments are always popular with furious mum and dad investors.Property fits these criteria with returns in some country areas reaching 10% per year. Housing in metropolitan areas is constantly in demand with the high purchase price being offset by substantial rental income and a yearly return of between 4% and 8%. * High leverage possibilities Investment properties can be purchased at 80% LVR (loan to valuation ratio), or up to 90% LVR withmortgage insurance. The LVR is calculated by taking the amount of the loan and dividing it by the value of the property, as determined by the lender.This high leverage capacity res ults in a higher return for the investor at a lower risk due to having less personal finances ties up in the property (80% of the purchase price was provided by the mortgagee). By choosing a property intelligently, investors can make this form of investment work for them. However, as with all investments there are some disadvantages to be aware of. Disadvantages of investment properties Some potential problems to consider * Liquidity Its true you can sell the property if things go bad. However this can take many months unless youre willing to accept a price less than the property is worth.Unlike the stock market, you will have to wait for any financial rewards. * Vacancies There will be times when mortgage payments will need to be cover out of your own pocket due to your property being untenanted. This could just be a result of a gap between tenants or because of maintenance issues. * Bad tenants Its every investment property owners worst nightmare problem tenants. They can signific antly damage your property, refuse to pay rent and refuse to leave. Disputes can sometimes take months to resolve. * Rising interest ratesIf yourinvestment loanhas a variable interest rate, there is always the risk of economic conditions causing interest rates to rise. If not properly budgeted for, rising interest rates could cause an investor financial stress where concerns of liquidity and quickly selling the property become a reality. When interested rates are on the up, liquidity in property markets starts to dry up. * Property oversupply In recent years, inner-city builders have created a flood of high-rise apartment blocks, resulting in fierce competition and many units being increasingly difficult to rent out. * Ongoing costsIn addition to the standard costs associated with a property, ongoing maintenance costs, especially with an older building, can be substantial. * Putting all your eggs in one basket If you have all your money tied up in property, overexposure to one par ticular type of investment can be a dangerous thing. If the property market crashes you can stand to lose significantly. * Capital Gains Tax Imposed by the Federal Government on the appreciation of investments and payable on disposal. * Other costs Negative gearing may offer tax deductions each financial year, however ongoing payments to cover the shortfall need to be budgeted for every month.Also, costs involved in purchasing and disposing of the property can be substantial. 2. 9 FOREX Overview If you read about investing, youve seen the word Forex trading. But because Forex doesnt get much publicity in the major publications and websites, many investors dont know that Forex isjust short for foreign exchange. So trading the Forex market is simply trading foreign currencies. As recently as ten years ago, currency trading had high barriers to entry, so only large bank in gland institutional firms had access to the tools and systems required to play in the Forex trading game.Recently, however, technology has developed to the point that any individual investor can hop right in and trade with one of the many online platforms. When buying and selling in the Forex currency trading system market, youll see that there are four currency pairs that dominate the percentage of trades. Those four are the Euro vs U. S. sawhorse, US Dollar vs Japanese Yen, US Dollar vs Swiss Franc, and US Dollar vs British Pound. The goal when investing in currency is to be holding a currency that appreciates in value in relation to the other currencies.To use an overly simplistic example, if you bought 50 British Pounds for 100 US Dollars, held the Pounds for 1 week, and in that period the value of Pounds increased in relation to US Dollars, you could then convert those Pounds back into dollars for, say, $120. Unlike the domestic stock markets, the Forex currency trading is have for trades 24 hours a day. Much like the phrase its always noon somewhere, its always business hours at some re gion ofthe globe. Since every country trades on the FX market, and its open all day, the daily volume is roughly $1. trillion, which dwarfs that of the NYSE. Another comparison to make in order to truly realize the magnitude of the Forex market is with the currency futures market (which has around 1% of the daily volume). 2. 10 FIXED DEPOSITS The same as a term or time deposit. Money may be placed with a bank, merchant bank, building society or credit union for a fixed term at a fixed rate of interest which remains unchanged during the period of the deposit. Depositors may have to accept an interest penalty if they break the deposit, i e, ask to take the money out before the agreed period has expired.Few points which FD investors must consider at the time of investment I. Safety FDs have conventionally been the premier choice for investors with a low risk appetite assured returns is the key factor which attracts investors towards deposits. Stick to FDs of the highest credit rating i . e. those with a AAA rating even if their rates seem modest vis-a-vis those offered by company deposits. II. Tenure Short tenured fixed deposits continue to be your best bet. With interest rates on the ascent, a further hike up in rates offered by fixed deposits cannot be ruled out.Locking your investments in longer tenured instruments may lead to an opportunity loss. III. Liquidity Find out how FD fares on the pre-mature encashment front i. e. how easily can your investment be liquidated. Also enquire about the penalty clauses, e. g. do you suffer a loss of interest and/or principal amount. Compare how various FDs rank on this parameter and pick the best deal thereby try to minimize the impact of illiquidity whichis typically associated with FDs. IV. Additional benefit Fixed deposits from reputed entities offer special benefits, e. g. hey can be used as collateral against which loans can be raised. Select a fixed deposit scheme which scores favorably on such parameters. Any inve stment portfolio should comprise the right mix of safe, moderate and risky investments. While mutual funds and stocks are the favorite contenders for moderate and risky investments, fixed deposits, government bonds etc. are considered safe investments. Fixed deposits have been particularly popular among a large section of investors in India as a safe investment option for a long period. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4. 1 Scope of ResearchThe position financial market is flooded with a lot investment instruments, viz. , Shares, Bonds, Mutual funds, Insurance plans, Fixed Deposits, other money and capital market instruments and also various options of investment in Real Estate and Commodity Market etc. Sometimes people refer to these options as investment vehicles, which is just another way of saying a way to invest. Each of these vehicles has its own positives and negatives and ultimate decision of investment is influenced by the individual investors perception regarding the risk and ret urn of concerned investment opportunity available in the market.Further, the investment decisions is full of complexity because of volatility of market conditions, Inflation rate fluctuations, impact of Global purlieu, Cash reserve ratio, and Repo rates. Therefore, it is imperative to analyze these factors while taking an investment decision. Keeping above in mind, the study has been done to see the perception of investors which provides understanding to readers about the various factors which should be keep in mind at the time of investment.The study is useful to company in providing the understanding about the investors perception to fix the suitable product/marketing strategies, which would helps it in makingtheir policies orstrategies in orderto attract them. Further. Financial planner getadvent tomake portfolioaccording toresponse given byrespondents, which belong to different occupations, having different income level, different age level or which instrument is mostly like b y the investors for investment. The study would further helpful for readers in understanding about the various investment opportunities available in the market. . 2 Management Question Now a day there is immense competition available in the market for getting customers, and finance service providers are not except from this competition. The point financial environment provides ample opportunities of investment to the investors. The decision to invest in right instrument is too complex which can meet their expectations perfectly. In the present scenario, customers are aware about the most of the financial instruments available in the market, and also know the advantage and pitfall of every investment options.Different types of customer consider various parameters while investing. So it becomes crucial for the company to know the preference of every customer. Some customer invests for the tax saving, where as other invests to gain capital appraisal benefit. So management of a company should consider the perception of customer regarding available investment option. The process of Customization becomes the difficult in convincing the customers. So this study helps the management to understand the awareness, preference, perception and adaptability towards different financial instruments. . 3 Objective of study Primary Objective * To know the perception as well as preference of customers towards different financial instruments. Secondary Objective * To know the advantage and disadvantage of different financial instruments * To know the various factors affecting investment options * To know the purpose of investment The money you earn is partly spent and the rest is saved for meeting future expenses. Instead of keeping the savings idle you may like to use savings in order to get return on it in the future. This is called Investment.Investment is the act of committing money orcapital to an endeavor with the expectation of obtaining an additional income or profit. Th ere are ample Financial Instruments available in the market for investment each instrument has its own features. To invest money in financial instruments is not so easy. It needs depth study where to invest so that their investment could be safe along with the growth of money. In present scenario everyone wants to invest his money but having their own different objectives. It may be growth of capital, tax minimization, retirement planning, to balance out inflation rate, safety etc.The investors always mess with these objectives which creates confusion of where to invest, which tendency they have to prefer at the time of investment, which factors which influence their investment decisions, how to plan their investment portfolio and to whom to prefer for taking that all decisions. So that study is based on investors perception regarding their investment. It includes what they think at the time of investment, what are the various factors they keep in mind at investment or affects their decisions regarding investment.The investment decision is very typical to take, as it needs proper planning. So the concept of financial planning has to be taken in this study. 4. 4 Research Design Descriptive Research * Involves gathering data that describe events and then organizes, tabulates, depicts, and describes the data. * Uses description as a tool to organize data into patterns that emerge during analysis. * Often uses visual aids such as graphs and charts to aid the reader Descript

Analyzing the Financial Statements of the World’s Retailer

The Wal-Mart berth is intended for an introductory or main course on Financial Statement Analysis. It may also be usable within a Corporate Finance/Financial Management course. After a class on financial statements and liquidity, profitability and solvency ratios and some brief examples discussed by the referee students should be capable of making a financial analysis of Wal-Mart. Students can be asked to make this analysis in class, or to prepare the case outside the classroom, and to present it.Ideally, the case work is conducted in groups of 4 to 6 students, and it typically takes between 1 to 1. 5 hours (for the analysis itself obviously, drafting a pen report or presentation is more time consuming). The Wal-Mart case is aimed at both undergraduate and graduate students, and for general management programmes/MBAs as well as finance students obviously, for the latter group, a much more fine-grained analysis, extensive interchange and adequate associationing among various financials and between the numbers and Wal-Marts business is required.Evidently, the lecturer should highlight many more details in a class of finance students. In the teaching note, the authors first provide a detailed discussion of Wal-Marts balance sheet, profit and loss account and cash flow statement, mainly based upon common base and common size analysis. While the boil down is on 2009 figures, conclusions for 2008 would be broadly similar.Furthermore, they also provide an overview of some key financials evolution over the past 10 years. Next, they calculate and interpret liquidity, profitability and solvency ratios for 2008 and 2009 and link these to Wal-Marts business model and operating activities. They summarize the main findings in a concluding section. Finally, the authors include a slide show that can be used while teaching this case.

Brand Case Study Essay

1. After having read the formal definition of customer-based- trade name-equity (p. 41) and the ensuing chapter discussion, think of a product house offering that you atomic number 18 familiar with. How do consumers make decisions whether or not to bribe the product, and how do they arrive at their final brand decision? Do you agree with the three ingredients that are the basis for the definition of C.B.B.E? What are the implications for brand equity management for the brands in the category?For me, the most familiar brand is Nike. I think the consumers will consider the price of the products and they will consider the product is fit for them or not when they buy the products. Mostly, the consumers will choose the brand which they utilize before because they used this brand before, they know this brand and they will have more trust for this brand. Sometime, the consumers could choose the brand which they knew or heard before when they buy some new products because the famous bran d product can buoy bring more trust for the consumers. I agree with these three ingredients. In fact, I mean most customers, include me, follow these three key ingredients when we choose the brand. I think better brand equity management can improve the brand value and image. It can also better promote the brand and let more customers know your brand. This can friend your brand stay in the tallness area of the congeneric products.2.Take the drinking chocolate product category basically dominated by the two main brands Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts. Evaluate the positioning of each brand in terms of the four components of brand positioning. Who are their target markets? What are their main points-of-parity and points-of-difference? Have they coifd their positioning correctly and effectively? How might their positioning be improved?I think the major target markets of Starbucks are the collage students, the white collar employees. For Dunkin Donuts, the target markets consumers are the customers who just want to drink coffee and these customers want to take away their coffee immediately and do not want to cost much money on coffee.The main points of parity for Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts are that the product of them is coffee and both of them also sell some fast food. The main points of difference for them are the price and store layout.I think they define their positioning correctly and effectively. For Starbucks, they define their brand as a high-end coffee brand. Now, this brand is famous around the world. For Dunkin Donuts, they define thier brand as a pronto service coffee. Now, they are also success. I think the positioning of Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts are correctly. Both of them choose to focus and develop on one area. This can help they have enough competitiveness and help them improve their brand value.3. Upon reading the chapter discussion of points-of-parity vs. and points-of-difference an you think of any negatively check attributes and benefit s other than those listed in control 2-6 at the bottom of p. 56.? Can you think of any other strategies to deal with negatively correlated attributes and benefits?For example, in the product of shampoo field, anti-dandruff shampoo vs. Hair awe shampoo.I think we can create some sub-brand to avoid these negatively. For example, the shampoo product, we can produce two kinds of shampoo, anti-dandruff shampoo and hair care shampoo to suppress the negatively correlated attributes and benefits. This strategy will give the option to the customers. They will choose any product of our brand and we will avoid the negatively correlated attributes and benefits.4.After finishing the chapter take a few minutes and review the following youtube.com video titled No Logo Brands, Globalization & Resistance. http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=uI0itS3gQFUWhat do you think of Naomi Kleins positions as espoused in (her book) No Logos? How would you respond to her propositions? Do you agree or disagree about her beliefs on the growth of incorporate power and why?I think no logo is amazing. Brand help the customer choose the products quickly. Especially now, most people do not too much time to choose the products one by one. They like choose products from the brand which they know. If no logo and no brand, I think most customer will be in confusion when they buy somethings. In addition, I think globalization is the trend. I dont think no logo can prevent the existence of the exploitation. However, I agree with her beliefs on the growth of corporate power. Because most global corporate are worthy. Sometime they can impact the policies of the government, especially in those underdeveloped nations.

Honour and Loyalty in “to Kill a Mockingbird”

Throughout the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee presented many examples to the reader regarding celebrate and committedness. Harper developed the traits of honour and loyalty through her portrayal of the lawsuits genus Atticus Finch, Arthur Boo Radley, and Calpurnia. Atticus Finch was a distinguished symbol of honour and loyalty. He was a man who honoured his well-kept reputation in the town of Macomb and stayed loyal to the people close to him. One example of Atticus honourable character was when Bob Ewell attached the fallacious act of spitting in his face. Atticus kept full composure, and walked away, instead of fighting with Bob.This showed how Atticus did not want his reputation in Macomb to diminish. He explained to Jem that he had destroyed his (Bob Ewells) last shred of credibility at that trial (Harper Lee, 1960, p. 218). He also explained to Jem how spitting in my face and threatening me saved Mayella Ewell star extra beating (Harper Lee, 1960, p. 218) . This dem onstrated honour in Atticus as he cared for Mayella, putting aside how harshly she had treated Atticus and Tom Robinson in the past. Loyalty was displayed when Atticus made the vital decision to take on the Tom Robinson plate.He fully defended Tom no matter what others would say. Atticus took the case for another reason he believed in equality and sight that black and white people were to be treated equally. Atticus honoured Ms. Dubose and showed repute by speaking kindly of her all the time. Although the children told Atticus how she treated them, he still greeted Ms. Dubose good evening Ms. Dubose You look like a picture this evening. (Harper Lee, 1960, P. 109). It took great honour for Atticus to be this respectful towards Ms. Dubose, considering how disrespectfully she treated Jem and sentinel.Read alsoHow Powerful Do You Find Atticus Finchs Closing Speech?Another character who showed honour and loyalty in To a Kill a Mockingbird was Arthur Boo Radley. During the initial s tages of the novel, Boo kept leaving little things in the guide for the children to take. He was acting honourable and trying to befriend them, as they acted seemed of him. Additionally, Boo put a blanket around Scout during the fire. At first, Scout thought it was Jem who had put the blanket around her, but when she found out it was Boo, she was surprised, and started to think differently of him. Jem told Scout that she was so busy looking at the fire, she didnt today it when he put the blanket around her (Harper Lee, 1960, p. 72). Arthur Radley was honourable towards the Finch family by killing Bob Ewell. Bob had caused many problems for the Finch family, and was the cause of Tom Robinsons death, which followed after the romance case. His actions proved as justice for the Tom Robinson Case, as well as for the assault on the children (which left Jem with a broken arm). Lastly, Calpurnia was also a fundamental character in this novel who illustrated honour and loyalty. She took Jem and Scout to an African American church.The children were not welcomed warmly. Calpurnia stayed loyal to the children, and fully defended them when everyone else wanted them out. A woman from the church was displeased with the fact that Calpurnia had brought these children to their church. Immediately, Calpurnia backed the children, saying that there was absolutely no difference between white or black people, so the children were to have every proper(a) to stay in the church. As a mother figure, Calpurnia was a very good influence on both of the children, she taught them how to be honourable to people, and to respect others.When Walter Cunningham went over to the Finchs for supper, Scout made a comment on the way Walter was pouring syrup all over his dinner. Calpurnia took Scout straight to the kitchen and told her that Yo folks might be bettern the Cunninghams but it dont count for nothin the way youre disgracin em (Harper Lee, 1960, p. 31). After the stern vituperation, Sco ut went back to the table and was more respectful towards Walter. Calpurnia had also worked with the Finch family for much of her life, which showed her loyalty for them, and the respect she had gained from Atticus.After Calpurnia was told to leave the Finch home, Atticus strongly defended her by telling Alexandra that she was a faithful member of the family and shed (Alexandra) would have to accept things the way they were. (Harper Lee, 1960, p. 147) In conclusion, Atticus Finch, Boo Radley, and Calpurnia were three significant characters who clearly demonstrated honour and loyalty throughout How to Kill a Mockingbird. They also played important roles in helping the children to become loyal and honourable.